[ Avaa Bypassed ]

Upload:

Command:

hmhc3928@18.220.94.189: ~ $ 

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">


<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
  <head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
    
    <title>31.12. dis — Disassembler for Python bytecode &mdash; Python 2.7.5 documentation</title>
    
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/default.css" type="text/css" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
    
    <script type="text/javascript">
      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
        URL_ROOT:    '../',
        VERSION:     '2.7.5',
        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
        HAS_SOURCE:  true
      };
    </script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script>
    <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"
          title="Search within Python 2.7.5 documentation"
          href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/>
    <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" />
    <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" />
    <link rel="top" title="Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../index.html" />
    <link rel="up" title="31. Python Language Services" href="language.html" />
    <link rel="next" title="31.13. pickletools — Tools for pickle developers" href="pickletools.html" />
    <link rel="prev" title="31.11. compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries" href="compileall.html" />
    <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" />
    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script>
    
 

  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="related">
      <h3>Navigation</h3>
      <ul>
        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
             >modules</a> |</li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="pickletools.html" title="31.13. pickletools — Tools for pickle developers"
             accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="compileall.html" title="31.11. compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries"
             accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
        <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt=""
                 style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
        <li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> &raquo;</li>
        <li>
          <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> &raquo;
        </li>

          <li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> &raquo;</li>
          <li><a href="language.html" accesskey="U">31. Python Language Services</a> &raquo;</li> 
      </ul>
    </div>  

    <div class="document">
      <div class="documentwrapper">
        <div class="bodywrapper">
          <div class="body">
            
  <div class="section" id="module-dis">
<span id="dis-disassembler-for-python-bytecode"></span><h1>31.12. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">dis</span></tt></a> &#8212; Disassembler for Python bytecode<a class="headerlink" href="#module-dis" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/2.7/Lib/dis.py">Lib/dis.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">dis</span></tt></a> module supports the analysis of CPython <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytecode"><em class="xref std std-term">bytecode</em></a> by
disassembling it. The CPython bytecode which this module takes as an
input is defined in the file <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">Include/opcode.h</span></tt> and used by the compiler
and the interpreter.</p>
<div class="impl-detail compound">
<p><strong>CPython implementation detail:</strong> Bytecode is an implementation detail of the CPython interpreter!  No
guarantees are made that bytecode will not be added, removed, or changed
between versions of Python.  Use of this module should not be considered to
work across Python VMs or Python releases.</p>
</div>
<p>Example: Given the function <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">myfunc()</span></tt>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">myfunc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alist</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alist</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>the following command can be used to get the disassembly of <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">myfunc()</span></tt>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">dis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dis</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">myfunc</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">  2           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (len)</span>
<span class="go">              3 LOAD_FAST                0 (alist)</span>
<span class="go">              6 CALL_FUNCTION            1</span>
<span class="go">              9 RETURN_VALUE</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>(The &#8220;2&#8221; is a line number).</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">dis</span></tt></a> module defines the following functions and constants:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.dis">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">dis</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>bytesource</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.dis" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Disassemble the <em>bytesource</em> object. <em>bytesource</em> can denote either a module, a
class, a method, a function, or a code object.   For a module, it disassembles
all functions.  For a class, it disassembles all methods.  For a single code
sequence, it prints one line per bytecode instruction.  If no object is
provided, it disassembles the last traceback.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.distb">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">distb</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>tb</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.distb" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Disassembles the top-of-stack function of a traceback, using the last traceback
if none was passed.  The instruction causing the exception is indicated.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.disassemble">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">disassemble</tt><big>(</big><em>code</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>lasti</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.disassemble" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Disassembles a code object, indicating the last instruction if <em>lasti</em> was
provided.  The output is divided in the following columns:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>the line number, for the first instruction of each line</li>
<li>the current instruction, indicated as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--&gt;</span></tt>,</li>
<li>a labelled instruction, indicated with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&gt;&gt;</span></tt>,</li>
<li>the address of the instruction,</li>
<li>the operation code name,</li>
<li>operation parameters, and</li>
<li>interpretation of the parameters in parentheses.</li>
</ol>
<p>The parameter interpretation recognizes local and global variable names,
constant values, branch targets, and compare operators.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.disco">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">disco</tt><big>(</big><em>code</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>lasti</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.disco" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A synonym for <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.disassemble" title="dis.disassemble"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">disassemble()</span></tt></a>.  It is more convenient to type, and kept
for compatibility with earlier Python releases.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.findlinestarts">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">findlinestarts</tt><big>(</big><em>code</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.findlinestarts" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This generator function uses the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_firstlineno</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_lnotab</span></tt>
attributes of the code object <em>code</em> to find the offsets which are starts of
lines in the source code.  They are generated as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(offset,</span> <span class="pre">lineno)</span></tt> pairs.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.findlabels">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">findlabels</tt><big>(</big><em>code</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.findlabels" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Detect all offsets in the code object <em>code</em> which are jump targets, and
return a list of these offsets.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.opname">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">opname</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.opname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sequence of operation names, indexable using the bytecode.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.opmap">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">opmap</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.opmap" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Dictionary mapping operation names to bytecodes.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.cmp_op">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">cmp_op</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.cmp_op" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sequence of all compare operation names.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.hasconst">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">hasconst</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasconst" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that have a constant parameter.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.hasfree">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">hasfree</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasfree" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that access a free variable.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.hasname">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">hasname</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that access an attribute by name.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.hasjrel">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">hasjrel</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasjrel" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that have a relative jump target.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.hasjabs">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">hasjabs</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasjabs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that have an absolute jump target.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.haslocal">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">haslocal</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.haslocal" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that access a local variable.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.hascompare">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">hascompare</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hascompare" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes of Boolean operations.</p>
</dd></dl>

<div class="section" id="python-bytecode-instructions">
<span id="bytecodes"></span><h2>31.12.1. Python Bytecode Instructions<a class="headerlink" href="#python-bytecode-instructions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The Python compiler currently generates the following bytecode instructions.</p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STOP_CODE">
<tt class="descname">STOP_CODE</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STOP_CODE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Indicates end-of-code to the compiler, not used by the interpreter.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-NOP">
<tt class="descname">NOP</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-NOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Do nothing code.  Used as a placeholder by the bytecode optimizer.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-POP_TOP">
<tt class="descname">POP_TOP</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_TOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Removes the top-of-stack (TOS) item.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-ROT_TWO">
<tt class="descname">ROT_TWO</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-ROT_TWO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Swaps the two top-most stack items.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-ROT_THREE">
<tt class="descname">ROT_THREE</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-ROT_THREE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Lifts second and third stack item one position up, moves top down to position
three.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-ROT_FOUR">
<tt class="descname">ROT_FOUR</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-ROT_FOUR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Lifts second, third and forth stack item one position up, moves top down to
position four.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DUP_TOP">
<tt class="descname">DUP_TOP</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DUP_TOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Duplicates the reference on top of the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>

<p>Unary Operations take the top of the stack, apply the operation, and push the
result back on the stack.</p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-UNARY_POSITIVE">
<tt class="descname">UNARY_POSITIVE</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_POSITIVE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">+TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-UNARY_NEGATIVE">
<tt class="descname">UNARY_NEGATIVE</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_NEGATIVE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">-TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-UNARY_NOT">
<tt class="descname">UNARY_NOT</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_NOT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-UNARY_CONVERT">
<tt class="descname">UNARY_CONVERT</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_CONVERT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">`TOS`</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-UNARY_INVERT">
<tt class="descname">UNARY_INVERT</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_INVERT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">~TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-GET_ITER">
<tt class="descname">GET_ITER</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GET_ITER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iter(TOS)</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<p>Binary operations remove the top of the stack (TOS) and the second top-most
stack item (TOS1) from the stack.  They perform the operation, and put the
result back on the stack.</p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_POWER">
<tt class="descname">BINARY_POWER</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_POWER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_MULTIPLY">
<tt class="descname">BINARY_MULTIPLY</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_MULTIPLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_DIVIDE">
<tt class="descname">BINARY_DIVIDE</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt> when <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">__future__</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">division</span></tt> is not
in effect.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE">
<tt class="descname">BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">//</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE">
<tt class="descname">BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt> when <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">__future__</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">division</span></tt> is in
effect.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_MODULO">
<tt class="descname">BINARY_MODULO</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_MODULO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_ADD">
<tt class="descname">BINARY_ADD</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_ADD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_SUBTRACT">
<tt class="descname">BINARY_SUBTRACT</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_SUBTRACT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_SUBSCR">
<tt class="descname">BINARY_SUBSCR</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_SUBSCR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1[TOS]</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_LSHIFT">
<tt class="descname">BINARY_LSHIFT</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_LSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_RSHIFT">
<tt class="descname">BINARY_RSHIFT</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_RSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_AND">
<tt class="descname">BINARY_AND</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_AND" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">&amp;</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_XOR">
<tt class="descname">BINARY_XOR</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_XOR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">^</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_OR">
<tt class="descname">BINARY_OR</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_OR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<p>In-place operations are like binary operations, in that they remove TOS and
TOS1, and push the result back on the stack, but the operation is done in-place
when TOS1 supports it, and the resulting TOS may be (but does not have to be)
the original TOS1.</p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_POWER">
<tt class="descname">INPLACE_POWER</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_POWER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_MULTIPLY">
<tt class="descname">INPLACE_MULTIPLY</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_MULTIPLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_DIVIDE">
<tt class="descname">INPLACE_DIVIDE</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt> when <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">__future__</span> <span class="pre">import</span>
<span class="pre">division</span></tt> is not in effect.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE">
<tt class="descname">INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">//</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE">
<tt class="descname">INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt> when <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">__future__</span> <span class="pre">import</span>
<span class="pre">division</span></tt> is in effect.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_MODULO">
<tt class="descname">INPLACE_MODULO</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_MODULO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_ADD">
<tt class="descname">INPLACE_ADD</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_ADD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_SUBTRACT">
<tt class="descname">INPLACE_SUBTRACT</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_SUBTRACT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_LSHIFT">
<tt class="descname">INPLACE_LSHIFT</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_LSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_RSHIFT">
<tt class="descname">INPLACE_RSHIFT</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_RSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_AND">
<tt class="descname">INPLACE_AND</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_AND" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">&amp;</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_XOR">
<tt class="descname">INPLACE_XOR</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_XOR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">^</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_OR">
<tt class="descname">INPLACE_OR</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_OR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<p>The slice opcodes take up to three parameters.</p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-SLICE+0">
<tt class="descname">SLICE+0</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SLICE+0" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS[:]</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-SLICE+1">
<tt class="descname">SLICE+1</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SLICE+1" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1[TOS:]</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-SLICE+2">
<tt class="descname">SLICE+2</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SLICE+2" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1[:TOS]</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-SLICE+3">
<tt class="descname">SLICE+3</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SLICE+3" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS2[TOS1:TOS]</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<p>Slice assignment needs even an additional parameter.  As any statement, they put
nothing on the stack.</p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_SLICE+0">
<tt class="descname">STORE_SLICE+0</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_SLICE+0" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS[:]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_SLICE+1">
<tt class="descname">STORE_SLICE+1</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_SLICE+1" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS1[TOS:]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS2</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_SLICE+2">
<tt class="descname">STORE_SLICE+2</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_SLICE+2" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS1[:TOS]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS2</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_SLICE+3">
<tt class="descname">STORE_SLICE+3</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_SLICE+3" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS2[TOS1:TOS]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS3</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_SLICE+0">
<tt class="descname">DELETE_SLICE+0</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_SLICE+0" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">TOS[:]</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_SLICE+1">
<tt class="descname">DELETE_SLICE+1</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_SLICE+1" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">TOS1[TOS:]</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_SLICE+2">
<tt class="descname">DELETE_SLICE+2</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_SLICE+2" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">TOS1[:TOS]</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_SLICE+3">
<tt class="descname">DELETE_SLICE+3</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_SLICE+3" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">TOS2[TOS1:TOS]</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_SUBSCR">
<tt class="descname">STORE_SUBSCR</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_SUBSCR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS1[TOS]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS2</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_SUBSCR">
<tt class="descname">DELETE_SUBSCR</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_SUBSCR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">TOS1[TOS]</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<p>Miscellaneous opcodes.</p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-PRINT_EXPR">
<tt class="descname">PRINT_EXPR</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-PRINT_EXPR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements the expression statement for the interactive mode.  TOS is removed
from the stack and printed.  In non-interactive mode, an expression statement is
terminated with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">POP_STACK</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-PRINT_ITEM">
<tt class="descname">PRINT_ITEM</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-PRINT_ITEM" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Prints TOS to the file-like object bound to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></tt>.  There is one such
instruction for each item in the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#print"><tt class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal"><span class="pre">print</span></tt></a> statement.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-PRINT_ITEM_TO">
<tt class="descname">PRINT_ITEM_TO</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-PRINT_ITEM_TO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Like <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PRINT_ITEM</span></tt>, but prints the item second from TOS to the file-like object
at TOS.  This is used by the extended print statement.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-PRINT_NEWLINE">
<tt class="descname">PRINT_NEWLINE</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-PRINT_NEWLINE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Prints a new line on <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></tt>.  This is generated as the last operation of
a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#print"><tt class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal"><span class="pre">print</span></tt></a> statement, unless the statement ends with a comma.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-PRINT_NEWLINE_TO">
<tt class="descname">PRINT_NEWLINE_TO</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-PRINT_NEWLINE_TO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Like <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PRINT_NEWLINE</span></tt>, but prints the new line on the file-like object on the
TOS.  This is used by the extended print statement.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BREAK_LOOP">
<tt class="descname">BREAK_LOOP</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BREAK_LOOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Terminates a loop due to a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#break"><tt class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal"><span class="pre">break</span></tt></a> statement.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-CONTINUE_LOOP">
<tt class="descname">CONTINUE_LOOP</tt><big>(</big><em>target</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CONTINUE_LOOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Continues a loop due to a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#continue"><tt class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal"><span class="pre">continue</span></tt></a> statement.  <em>target</em> is the
address to jump to (which should be a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FOR_ITER</span></tt> instruction).</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LIST_APPEND">
<tt class="descname">LIST_APPEND</tt><big>(</big><em>i</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LIST_APPEND" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Calls <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list.append(TOS[-i],</span> <span class="pre">TOS)</span></tt>.  Used to implement list comprehensions.
While the appended value is popped off, the list object remains on the
stack so that it is available for further iterations of the loop.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_LOCALS">
<tt class="descname">LOAD_LOCALS</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_LOCALS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes a reference to the locals of the current scope on the stack. This is used
in the code for a class definition: After the class body is evaluated, the
locals are passed to the class definition.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-RETURN_VALUE">
<tt class="descname">RETURN_VALUE</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-RETURN_VALUE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns with TOS to the caller of the function.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-YIELD_VALUE">
<tt class="descname">YIELD_VALUE</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-YIELD_VALUE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pops <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span></tt> and yields it from a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-generator"><em class="xref std std-term">generator</em></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-IMPORT_STAR">
<tt class="descname">IMPORT_STAR</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-IMPORT_STAR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Loads all symbols not starting with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'_'</span></tt> directly from the module TOS to the
local namespace. The module is popped after loading all names. This opcode
implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">module</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">*</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-EXEC_STMT">
<tt class="descname">EXEC_STMT</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-EXEC_STMT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exec</span> <span class="pre">TOS2,TOS1,TOS</span></tt>.  The compiler fills missing optional
parameters with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-POP_BLOCK">
<tt class="descname">POP_BLOCK</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_BLOCK" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Removes one block from the block stack.  Per frame, there is a  stack of blocks,
denoting nested loops, try statements, and such.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-END_FINALLY">
<tt class="descname">END_FINALLY</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-END_FINALLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Terminates a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#finally"><tt class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal"><span class="pre">finally</span></tt></a> clause.  The interpreter recalls whether the
exception has to be re-raised, or whether the function returns, and continues
with the outer-next block.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_CLASS">
<tt class="descname">BUILD_CLASS</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_CLASS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Creates a new class object.  TOS is the methods dictionary, TOS1 the tuple of
the names of the base classes, and TOS2 the class name.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-SETUP_WITH">
<tt class="descname">SETUP_WITH</tt><big>(</big><em>delta</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_WITH" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This opcode performs several operations before a with block starts.  First,
it loads <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__exit__" title="object.__exit__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__exit__()</span></tt></a> from the context manager and pushes it onto
the stack for later use by <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-WITH_CLEANUP"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">WITH_CLEANUP</span></tt></a>.  Then,
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__enter__" title="object.__enter__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__enter__()</span></tt></a> is called, and a finally block pointing to <em>delta</em>
is pushed.  Finally, the result of calling the enter method is pushed onto
the stack.  The next opcode will either ignore it (<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-POP_TOP"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">POP_TOP</span></tt></a>), or
store it in (a) variable(s) (<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">STORE_FAST</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_NAME"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">STORE_NAME</span></tt></a>, or
<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-UNPACK_SEQUENCE"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">UNPACK_SEQUENCE</span></tt></a>).</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-WITH_CLEANUP">
<tt class="descname">WITH_CLEANUP</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-WITH_CLEANUP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Cleans up the stack when a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#with"><tt class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal"><span class="pre">with</span></tt></a> statement block exits.  On top of
the stack are 1&#8211;3 values indicating how/why the finally clause was entered:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>TOP = <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></li>
<li>(TOP, SECOND) = (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">WHY_{RETURN,CONTINUE}</span></tt>), retval</li>
<li>TOP = <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">WHY_*</span></tt>; no retval below it</li>
<li>(TOP, SECOND, THIRD) = exc_info()</li>
</ul>
<p>Under them is EXIT, the context manager&#8217;s <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__exit__" title="object.__exit__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__exit__()</span></tt></a> bound method.</p>
<p>In the last case, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">EXIT(TOP,</span> <span class="pre">SECOND,</span> <span class="pre">THIRD)</span></tt> is called, otherwise
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">EXIT(None,</span> <span class="pre">None,</span> <span class="pre">None)</span></tt>.</p>
<p>EXIT is removed from the stack, leaving the values above it in the same
order. In addition, if the stack represents an exception, <em>and</em> the function
call returns a &#8216;true&#8217; value, this information is &#8220;zapped&#8221;, to prevent
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">END_FINALLY</span></tt> from re-raising the exception.  (But non-local gotos should
still be resumed.)</p>
</dd></dl>

<p>All of the following opcodes expect arguments.  An argument is two bytes, with
the more significant byte last.</p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_NAME">
<tt class="descname">STORE_NAME</tt><big>(</big><em>namei</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">name</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>. <em>namei</em> is the index of <em>name</em> in the attribute
<tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_names</span></tt> of the code object. The compiler tries to use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">STORE_FAST</span></tt>
or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">STORE_GLOBAL</span></tt> if possible.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_NAME">
<tt class="descname">DELETE_NAME</tt><big>(</big><em>namei</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">name</span></tt>, where <em>namei</em> is the index into <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_names</span></tt>
attribute of the code object.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-UNPACK_SEQUENCE">
<tt class="descname">UNPACK_SEQUENCE</tt><big>(</big><em>count</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNPACK_SEQUENCE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Unpacks TOS into <em>count</em> individual values, which are put onto the stack
right-to-left.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DUP_TOPX">
<tt class="descname">DUP_TOPX</tt><big>(</big><em>count</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DUP_TOPX" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Duplicate <em>count</em> items, keeping them in the same order. Due to implementation
limits, <em>count</em> should be between 1 and 5 inclusive.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_ATTR">
<tt class="descname">STORE_ATTR</tt><big>(</big><em>namei</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_ATTR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS.name</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span></tt>, where <em>namei</em> is the index of name in
<tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_names</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_ATTR">
<tt class="descname">DELETE_ATTR</tt><big>(</big><em>namei</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_ATTR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">TOS.name</span></tt>, using <em>namei</em> as index into <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_names</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_GLOBAL">
<tt class="descname">STORE_GLOBAL</tt><big>(</big><em>namei</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_GLOBAL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Works as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">STORE_NAME</span></tt>, but stores the name as a global.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_GLOBAL">
<tt class="descname">DELETE_GLOBAL</tt><big>(</big><em>namei</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_GLOBAL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Works as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DELETE_NAME</span></tt>, but deletes a global name.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_CONST">
<tt class="descname">LOAD_CONST</tt><big>(</big><em>consti</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_CONST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_consts[consti]</span></tt> onto the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_NAME">
<tt class="descname">LOAD_NAME</tt><big>(</big><em>namei</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes the value associated with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_names[namei]</span></tt> onto the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_TUPLE">
<tt class="descname">BUILD_TUPLE</tt><big>(</big><em>count</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_TUPLE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Creates a tuple consuming <em>count</em> items from the stack, and pushes the resulting
tuple onto the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_LIST">
<tt class="descname">BUILD_LIST</tt><big>(</big><em>count</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_LIST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Works as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BUILD_TUPLE</span></tt>, but creates a list.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_MAP">
<tt class="descname">BUILD_MAP</tt><big>(</big><em>count</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_MAP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes a new dictionary object onto the stack.  The dictionary is pre-sized
to hold <em>count</em> entries.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_ATTR">
<tt class="descname">LOAD_ATTR</tt><big>(</big><em>namei</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_ATTR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Replaces TOS with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getattr(TOS,</span> <span class="pre">co_names[namei])</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-COMPARE_OP">
<tt class="descname">COMPARE_OP</tt><big>(</big><em>opname</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-COMPARE_OP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Performs a Boolean operation.  The operation name can be found in
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cmp_op[opname]</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-IMPORT_NAME">
<tt class="descname">IMPORT_NAME</tt><big>(</big><em>namei</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-IMPORT_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Imports the module <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_names[namei]</span></tt>.  TOS and TOS1 are popped and provide
the <em>fromlist</em> and <em>level</em> arguments of <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#__import__" title="__import__"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">__import__()</span></tt></a>.  The module
object is pushed onto the stack.  The current namespace is not affected:
for a proper import statement, a subsequent <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">STORE_FAST</span></tt> instruction
modifies the namespace.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-IMPORT_FROM">
<tt class="descname">IMPORT_FROM</tt><big>(</big><em>namei</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-IMPORT_FROM" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Loads the attribute <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_names[namei]</span></tt> from the module found in TOS. The
resulting object is pushed onto the stack, to be subsequently stored by a
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">STORE_FAST</span></tt> instruction.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-JUMP_FORWARD">
<tt class="descname">JUMP_FORWARD</tt><big>(</big><em>delta</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_FORWARD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Increments bytecode counter by <em>delta</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE">
<tt class="descname">POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE</tt><big>(</big><em>target</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>If TOS is true, sets the bytecode counter to <em>target</em>.  TOS is popped.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE">
<tt class="descname">POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE</tt><big>(</big><em>target</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>If TOS is false, sets the bytecode counter to <em>target</em>.  TOS is popped.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP">
<tt class="descname">JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP</tt><big>(</big><em>target</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>If TOS is true, sets the bytecode counter to <em>target</em> and leaves TOS
on the stack.  Otherwise (TOS is false), TOS is popped.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP">
<tt class="descname">JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP</tt><big>(</big><em>target</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>If TOS is false, sets the bytecode counter to <em>target</em> and leaves
TOS on the stack.  Otherwise (TOS is true), TOS is popped.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-JUMP_ABSOLUTE">
<tt class="descname">JUMP_ABSOLUTE</tt><big>(</big><em>target</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_ABSOLUTE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set bytecode counter to <em>target</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-FOR_ITER">
<tt class="descname">FOR_ITER</tt><big>(</big><em>delta</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-FOR_ITER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span></tt> is an <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-iterator"><em class="xref std std-term">iterator</em></a>.  Call its <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">next()</span></tt> method.  If this
yields a new value, push it on the stack (leaving the iterator below it).  If
the iterator indicates it is exhausted <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span></tt> is popped, and the bytecode
counter is incremented by <em>delta</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_GLOBAL">
<tt class="descname">LOAD_GLOBAL</tt><big>(</big><em>namei</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_GLOBAL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Loads the global named <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_names[namei]</span></tt> onto the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-SETUP_LOOP">
<tt class="descname">SETUP_LOOP</tt><big>(</big><em>delta</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_LOOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes a block for a loop onto the block stack.  The block spans from the
current instruction with a size of <em>delta</em> bytes.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-SETUP_EXCEPT">
<tt class="descname">SETUP_EXCEPT</tt><big>(</big><em>delta</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_EXCEPT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes a try block from a try-except clause onto the block stack. <em>delta</em> points
to the first except block.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-SETUP_FINALLY">
<tt class="descname">SETUP_FINALLY</tt><big>(</big><em>delta</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_FINALLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes a try block from a try-except clause onto the block stack. <em>delta</em> points
to the finally block.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_MAP">
<tt class="descname">STORE_MAP</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_MAP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Store a key and value pair in a dictionary.  Pops the key and value while leaving
the dictionary on the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_FAST">
<tt class="descname">LOAD_FAST</tt><big>(</big><em>var_num</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_FAST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes a reference to the local <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_varnames[var_num]</span></tt> onto the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_FAST">
<tt class="descname">STORE_FAST</tt><big>(</big><em>var_num</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Stores TOS into the local <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_varnames[var_num]</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_FAST">
<tt class="descname">DELETE_FAST</tt><big>(</big><em>var_num</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_FAST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Deletes local <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_varnames[var_num]</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_CLOSURE">
<tt class="descname">LOAD_CLOSURE</tt><big>(</big><em>i</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_CLOSURE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes a reference to the cell contained in slot <em>i</em> of the cell and free
variable storage.  The name of the variable is  <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_cellvars[i]</span></tt> if <em>i</em> is
less than the length of <em>co_cellvars</em>.  Otherwise it is  <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_freevars[i</span> <span class="pre">-</span>
<span class="pre">len(co_cellvars)]</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_DEREF">
<tt class="descname">LOAD_DEREF</tt><big>(</big><em>i</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_DEREF" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Loads the cell contained in slot <em>i</em> of the cell and free variable storage.
Pushes a reference to the object the cell contains on the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_DEREF">
<tt class="descname">STORE_DEREF</tt><big>(</big><em>i</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_DEREF" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Stores TOS into the cell contained in slot <em>i</em> of the cell and free variable
storage.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-SET_LINENO">
<tt class="descname">SET_LINENO</tt><big>(</big><em>lineno</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SET_LINENO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This opcode is obsolete.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-RAISE_VARARGS">
<tt class="descname">RAISE_VARARGS</tt><big>(</big><em>argc</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-RAISE_VARARGS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Raises an exception. <em>argc</em> indicates the number of parameters to the raise
statement, ranging from 0 to 3.  The handler will find the traceback as TOS2,
the parameter as TOS1, and the exception as TOS.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-CALL_FUNCTION">
<tt class="descname">CALL_FUNCTION</tt><big>(</big><em>argc</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Calls a function.  The low byte of <em>argc</em> indicates the number of positional
parameters, the high byte the number of keyword parameters. On the stack, the
opcode finds the keyword parameters first.  For each keyword argument, the value
is on top of the key.  Below the keyword parameters, the positional parameters
are on the stack, with the right-most parameter on top.  Below the parameters,
the function object to call is on the stack.  Pops all function arguments, and
the function itself off the stack, and pushes the return value.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-MAKE_FUNCTION">
<tt class="descname">MAKE_FUNCTION</tt><big>(</big><em>argc</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-MAKE_FUNCTION" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes a new function object on the stack.  TOS is the code associated with the
function.  The function object is defined to have <em>argc</em> default parameters,
which are found below TOS.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-MAKE_CLOSURE">
<tt class="descname">MAKE_CLOSURE</tt><big>(</big><em>argc</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-MAKE_CLOSURE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Creates a new function object, sets its <em>func_closure</em> slot, and pushes it on
the stack.  TOS is the code associated with the function, TOS1 the tuple
containing cells for the closure&#8217;s free variables.  The function also has
<em>argc</em> default parameters, which are found below the cells.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_SLICE">
<tt class="descname">BUILD_SLICE</tt><big>(</big><em>argc</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_SLICE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-0">Pushes a slice object on the stack.  <em>argc</em> must be 2 or 3.  If it is 2,
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">slice(TOS1,</span> <span class="pre">TOS)</span></tt> is pushed; if it is 3, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">slice(TOS2,</span> <span class="pre">TOS1,</span> <span class="pre">TOS)</span></tt> is
pushed. See the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#slice" title="slice"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">slice()</span></tt></a> built-in function for more information.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-EXTENDED_ARG">
<tt class="descname">EXTENDED_ARG</tt><big>(</big><em>ext</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-EXTENDED_ARG" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Prefixes any opcode which has an argument too big to fit into the default two
bytes.  <em>ext</em> holds two additional bytes which, taken together with the
subsequent opcode&#8217;s argument, comprise a four-byte argument, <em>ext</em> being the two
most-significant bytes.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_VAR">
<tt class="descname">CALL_FUNCTION_VAR</tt><big>(</big><em>argc</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_VAR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Calls a function. <em>argc</em> is interpreted as in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION</span></tt>. The top element
on the stack contains the variable argument list, followed by keyword and
positional arguments.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_KW">
<tt class="descname">CALL_FUNCTION_KW</tt><big>(</big><em>argc</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_KW" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Calls a function. <em>argc</em> is interpreted as in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION</span></tt>. The top element
on the stack contains the keyword arguments dictionary,  followed by explicit
keyword and positional arguments.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_VAR_KW">
<tt class="descname">CALL_FUNCTION_VAR_KW</tt><big>(</big><em>argc</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_VAR_KW" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Calls a function. <em>argc</em> is interpreted as in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION</span></tt>.  The top
element on the stack contains the keyword arguments dictionary, followed by the
variable-arguments tuple, followed by explicit keyword and positional arguments.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-HAVE_ARGUMENT">
<tt class="descname">HAVE_ARGUMENT</tt><big>(</big><em></em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-HAVE_ARGUMENT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is not really an opcode.  It identifies the dividing line between opcodes
which don&#8217;t take arguments <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;</span> <span class="pre">HAVE_ARGUMENT</span></tt> and those which do <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&gt;=</span>
<span class="pre">HAVE_ARGUMENT</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

</div>
</div>


          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
  <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
  <ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">31.12. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dis</span></tt> &#8212; Disassembler for Python bytecode</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#python-bytecode-instructions">31.12.1. Python Bytecode Instructions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
  <p class="topless"><a href="compileall.html"
                        title="previous chapter">31.11. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">compileall</span></tt> &#8212; Byte-compile Python libraries</a></p>
  <h4>Next topic</h4>
  <p class="topless"><a href="pickletools.html"
                        title="next chapter">31.13. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pickletools</span></tt> &#8212; Tools for pickle developers</a></p>
<h3>This Page</h3>
<ul class="this-page-menu">
  <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li>
  <li><a href="../_sources/library/dis.txt"
         rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
</ul>

<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
  <h3>Quick search</h3>
    <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
      <input type="text" name="q" />
      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
    </form>
    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
    </p>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="clearer"></div>
    </div>
    <div class="related">
      <h3>Navigation</h3>
      <ul>
        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
             >index</a></li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
             >modules</a> |</li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="pickletools.html" title="31.13. pickletools — Tools for pickle developers"
             >next</a> |</li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="compileall.html" title="31.11. compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries"
             >previous</a> |</li>
        <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt=""
                 style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
        <li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> &raquo;</li>
        <li>
          <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> &raquo;
        </li>

          <li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> &raquo;</li>
          <li><a href="language.html" >31. Python Language Services</a> &raquo;</li> 
      </ul>
    </div>
    <div class="footer">
    &copy; <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 1990-2019, Python Software Foundation.
    <br />
    The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation.
    <a href="http://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a>
    <br />
    Last updated on Jul 03, 2019.
    <a href="../bugs.html">Found a bug</a>?
    <br />
    Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.1.3.
    </div>

  </body>
</html>

Filemanager

DIR : / usr/ share/ doc/ python-docs-2.7.5/ html/ library/
Name Type Size Permission Actions
2to3.html File 49.27 KB 0644
__builtin__.html File 10.26 KB 0644
__future__.html File 13.79 KB 0644
__main__.html File 7.05 KB 0644
_winreg.html File 59.21 KB 0644
abc.html File 23.9 KB 0644
aepack.html File 13.16 KB 0644
aetools.html File 14.91 KB 0644
aetypes.html File 18.88 KB 0644
aifc.html File 22.4 KB 0644
al.html File 17.34 KB 0644
allos.html File 33.72 KB 0644
anydbm.html File 16.33 KB 0644
archiving.html File 9.26 KB 0644
argparse.html File 237.62 KB 0644
array.html File 29.29 KB 0644
ast.html File 34.98 KB 0644
asynchat.html File 31.43 KB 0644
asyncore.html File 36.51 KB 0644
atexit.html File 16.8 KB 0644
audioop.html File 31.36 KB 0644
autogil.html File 8.19 KB 0644
base64.html File 19.67 KB 0644
basehttpserver.html File 34.04 KB 0644
bastion.html File 11.04 KB 0644
bdb.html File 36.68 KB 0644
binascii.html File 20.67 KB 0644
binhex.html File 10.58 KB 0644
bisect.html File 23.24 KB 0644
bsddb.html File 26.43 KB 0644
bz2.html File 26.08 KB 0644
calendar.html File 37.79 KB 0644
carbon.html File 48.94 KB 0644
cd.html File 27.96 KB 0644
cgi.html File 49.92 KB 0644
cgihttpserver.html File 13.1 KB 0644
cgitb.html File 11.41 KB 0644
chunk.html File 14.66 KB 0644
cmath.html File 25.63 KB 0644
cmd.html File 26.09 KB 0644
code.html File 24.58 KB 0644
codecs.html File 100.64 KB 0644
codeop.html File 14.84 KB 0644
collections.html File 133.96 KB 0644
colorpicker.html File 7.52 KB 0644
colorsys.html File 11.04 KB 0644
commands.html File 14.36 KB 0644
compileall.html File 16.83 KB 0644
compiler.html File 67.75 KB 0644
configparser.html File 62.13 KB 0644
constants.html File 12.83 KB 0644
contextlib.html File 19.39 KB 0644
cookie.html File 39.07 KB 0644
cookielib.html File 83.82 KB 0644
copy.html File 12.19 KB 0644
copy_reg.html File 13.76 KB 0644
crypt.html File 10.04 KB 0644
crypto.html File 7.59 KB 0644
csv.html File 67.37 KB 0644
ctypes.html File 238.78 KB 0644
curses.ascii.html File 22.29 KB 0644
curses.html File 146.63 KB 0644
curses.panel.html File 14.39 KB 0644
custominterp.html File 7.62 KB 0644
datatypes.html File 16.84 KB 0644
datetime.html File 226.59 KB 0644
dbhash.html File 15.48 KB 0644
dbm.html File 12.07 KB 0644
debug.html File 10.15 KB 0644
decimal.html File 194.44 KB 0644
development.html File 14.17 KB 0644
difflib.html File 84.83 KB 0644
dircache.html File 11.41 KB 0644
dis.html File 69.95 KB 0644
distutils.html File 8.05 KB 0644
dl.html File 16.33 KB 0644
doctest.html File 165.54 KB 0644
docxmlrpcserver.html File 16.43 KB 0644
dumbdbm.html File 14.02 KB 0644
dummy_thread.html File 9.43 KB 0644
dummy_threading.html File 8.37 KB 0644
easydialogs.html File 30.55 KB 0644
email-examples.html File 45.65 KB 0644
email.charset.html File 26.8 KB 0644
email.encoders.html File 11.86 KB 0644
email.errors.html File 15.77 KB 0644
email.generator.html File 20.77 KB 0644
email.header.html File 26.92 KB 0644
email.html File 44.24 KB 0644
email.iterators.html File 11.52 KB 0644
email.message.html File 63.16 KB 0644
email.mime.html File 27.93 KB 0644
email.parser.html File 30.45 KB 0644
email.util.html File 24.46 KB 0644
errno.html File 37.99 KB 0644
exceptions.html File 56.13 KB 0644
fcntl.html File 22.67 KB 0644
filecmp.html File 22.3 KB 0644
fileformats.html File 9.14 KB 0644
fileinput.html File 24.28 KB 0644
filesys.html File 10.2 KB 0644
fl.html File 49.92 KB 0644
fm.html File 11.91 KB 0644
fnmatch.html File 14.58 KB 0644
formatter.html File 34.06 KB 0644
fpectl.html File 16.01 KB 0644
fpformat.html File 10.59 KB 0644
fractions.html File 22.61 KB 0644
framework.html File 33.34 KB 0644
frameworks.html File 7.14 KB 0644
ftplib.html File 43.99 KB 0644
functions.html File 183.14 KB 0644
functools.html File 27.17 KB 0644
future_builtins.html File 13.04 KB 0644
gc.html File 25.75 KB 0644
gdbm.html File 15.96 KB 0644
gensuitemodule.html File 11.51 KB 0644
getopt.html File 23.66 KB 0644
getpass.html File 10.65 KB 0644
gettext.html File 78.76 KB 0644
gl.html File 22.09 KB 0644
glob.html File 13.26 KB 0644
grp.html File 10.49 KB 0644
gzip.html File 18.99 KB 0644
hashlib.html File 18.2 KB 0644
heapq.html File 31.61 KB 0644
hmac.html File 10.46 KB 0644
hotshot.html File 18.65 KB 0644
htmllib.html File 25.32 KB 0644
htmlparser.html File 39.11 KB 0644
httplib.html File 62.95 KB 0644
i18n.html File 9.52 KB 0644
ic.html File 17.17 KB 0644
idle.html File 20.9 KB 0644
imageop.html File 14.76 KB 0644
imaplib.html File 51.99 KB 0644
imgfile.html File 11.71 KB 0644
imghdr.html File 11.3 KB 0644
imp.html File 34.34 KB 0644
importlib.html File 8.26 KB 0644
imputil.html File 31.81 KB 0644
index.html File 72.78 KB 0644
inspect.html File 50.71 KB 0644
internet.html File 24.87 KB 0644
intro.html File 8.93 KB 0644
io.html File 98.13 KB 0644
ipc.html File 13.41 KB 0644
itertools.html File 115.91 KB 0644
jpeg.html File 12.74 KB 0644
json.html File 67.04 KB 0644
keyword.html File 7.68 KB 0644
language.html File 11.03 KB 0644
linecache.html File 10.59 KB 0644
locale.html File 55.14 KB 0644
logging.config.html File 63.36 KB 0644
logging.handlers.html File 69.64 KB 0644
logging.html File 95.64 KB 0644
mac.html File 21.79 KB 0644
macos.html File 14.76 KB 0644
macosa.html File 12.96 KB 0644
macostools.html File 15.52 KB 0644
macpath.html File 7.76 KB 0644
mailbox.html File 156.75 KB 0644
mailcap.html File 13.21 KB 0644
markup.html File 18.77 KB 0644
marshal.html File 17.98 KB 0644
math.html File 39.24 KB 0644
md5.html File 13.97 KB 0644
mhlib.html File 21.54 KB 0644
mimetools.html File 19.25 KB 0644
mimetypes.html File 28.39 KB 0644
mimewriter.html File 15.02 KB 0644
mimify.html File 13.36 KB 0644
miniaeframe.html File 12.2 KB 0644
misc.html File 6.87 KB 0644
mm.html File 9.03 KB 0644
mmap.html File 28.36 KB 0644
modulefinder.html File 15.31 KB 0644
modules.html File 8.46 KB 0644
msilib.html File 52.43 KB 0644
msvcrt.html File 19.37 KB 0644
multifile.html File 24.3 KB 0644
multiprocessing.html File 365.71 KB 0644
mutex.html File 11.23 KB 0644
netdata.html File 16.98 KB 0644
netrc.html File 12.3 KB 0644
new.html File 12.12 KB 0644
nis.html File 10.64 KB 0644
nntplib.html File 41.92 KB 0644
numbers.html File 37.75 KB 0644
numeric.html File 13.55 KB 0644
operator.html File 82 KB 0644
optparse.html File 222.56 KB 0644
os.html File 214.25 KB 0644
os.path.html File 38.34 KB 0644
ossaudiodev.html File 41.5 KB 0644
othergui.html File 9.08 KB 0644
parser.html File 39.36 KB 0644
pdb.html File 33.96 KB 0644
persistence.html File 14.87 KB 0644
pickle.html File 102.27 KB 0644
pickletools.html File 10.63 KB 0644
pipes.html File 18.01 KB 0644
pkgutil.html File 25.11 KB 0644
platform.html File 28.37 KB 0644
plistlib.html File 17.03 KB 0644
popen2.html File 25.43 KB 0644
poplib.html File 22.32 KB 0644
posix.html File 14.41 KB 0644
posixfile.html File 19.76 KB 0644
pprint.html File 29.92 KB 0644
profile.html File 63.56 KB 0644
pty.html File 9.48 KB 0644
pwd.html File 11.43 KB 0644
py_compile.html File 11.12 KB 0644
pyclbr.html File 14.71 KB 0644
pydoc.html File 11.48 KB 0644
pyexpat.html File 71.53 KB 0644
python.html File 12.27 KB 0644
queue.html File 24.22 KB 0644
quopri.html File 11.9 KB 0644
random.html File 37.83 KB 0644
re.html File 134.74 KB 0644
readline.html File 28.24 KB 0644
repr.html File 20.43 KB 0644
resource.html File 26.48 KB 0644
restricted.html File 11.65 KB 0644
rexec.html File 37.41 KB 0644
rfc822.html File 42.22 KB 0644
rlcompleter.html File 13.51 KB 0644
robotparser.html File 12.27 KB 0644
runpy.html File 19.34 KB 0644
sched.html File 18.54 KB 0644
scrolledtext.html File 9.32 KB 0644
select.html File 39.67 KB 0644
sets.html File 36.92 KB 0644
sgi.html File 9.71 KB 0644
sgmllib.html File 30.77 KB 0644
sha.html File 12.09 KB 0644
shelve.html File 27.02 KB 0644
shlex.html File 32.1 KB 0644
shutil.html File 40.22 KB 0644
signal.html File 31.14 KB 0644
simplehttpserver.html File 18.41 KB 0644
simplexmlrpcserver.html File 31.39 KB 0644
site.html File 23.64 KB 0644
smtpd.html File 12.46 KB 0644
smtplib.html File 42.13 KB 0644
sndhdr.html File 10.02 KB 0644
socket.html File 106.34 KB 0644
socketserver.html File 59.83 KB 0644
someos.html File 15.11 KB 0644
spwd.html File 10.33 KB 0644
sqlite3.html File 139.5 KB 0644
ssl.html File 65.62 KB 0644
stat.html File 32.31 KB 0644
statvfs.html File 10.6 KB 0644
stdtypes.html File 260.4 KB 0644
string.html File 106.65 KB 0644
stringio.html File 18.81 KB 0644
stringprep.html File 16.13 KB 0644
strings.html File 14.93 KB 0644
struct.html File 40.88 KB 0644
subprocess.html File 84.91 KB 0644
sun.html File 6.84 KB 0644
sunau.html File 27.1 KB 0644
sunaudio.html File 17.79 KB 0644
symbol.html File 7.66 KB 0644
symtable.html File 22.94 KB 0644
sys.html File 98.7 KB 0644
sysconfig.html File 23.84 KB 0644
syslog.html File 17.92 KB 0644
tabnanny.html File 10.63 KB 0644
tarfile.html File 78.68 KB 0644
telnetlib.html File 25.48 KB 0644
tempfile.html File 29.42 KB 0644
termios.html File 16.01 KB 0644
test.html File 52.62 KB 0644
textwrap.html File 27.25 KB 0644
thread.html File 20.47 KB 0644
threading.html File 76.69 KB 0644
time.html File 56.93 KB 0644
timeit.html File 36.27 KB 0644
tix.html File 46.96 KB 0644
tk.html File 23.64 KB 0644
tkinter.html File 67.67 KB 0644
token.html File 19.62 KB 0644
tokenize.html File 18.45 KB 0644
trace.html File 25.54 KB 0644
traceback.html File 33.44 KB 0644
ttk.html File 101.75 KB 0644
tty.html File 9.06 KB 0644
turtle.html File 211.74 KB 0644
types.html File 27.59 KB 0644
undoc.html File 23.16 KB 0644
unicodedata.html File 18.55 KB 0644
unittest.html File 202.85 KB 0644
unix.html File 10.55 KB 0644
urllib.html File 58.68 KB 0644
urllib2.html File 100.58 KB 0644
urlparse.html File 40.41 KB 0644
user.html File 11.83 KB 0644
userdict.html File 29.73 KB 0644
uu.html File 11.03 KB 0644
uuid.html File 28.19 KB 0644
warnings.html File 46.6 KB 0644
wave.html File 22.22 KB 0644
weakref.html File 36.52 KB 0644
webbrowser.html File 23.07 KB 0644
whichdb.html File 8.85 KB 0644
windows.html File 9.33 KB 0644
winsound.html File 18.75 KB 0644
wsgiref.html File 81.04 KB 0644
xdrlib.html File 29.94 KB 0644
xml.dom.html File 89.04 KB 0644
xml.dom.minidom.html File 40.42 KB 0644
xml.dom.pulldom.html File 12.71 KB 0644
xml.etree.elementtree.html File 93.22 KB 0644
xml.html File 16.49 KB 0644
xml.sax.handler.html File 38.63 KB 0644
xml.sax.html File 20.22 KB 0644
xml.sax.reader.html File 39.09 KB 0644
xml.sax.utils.html File 14.26 KB 0644
xmlrpclib.html File 60.79 KB 0644
zipfile.html File 53.14 KB 0644
zipimport.html File 20.42 KB 0644
zlib.html File 25.46 KB 0644