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  <div class="section" id="module-email.parser">
<span id="email-parser-parsing-email-messages"></span><h1>18.1.2. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-email.parser" title="email.parser: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.parser</span></tt></a>: Parsing email messages<a class="headerlink" href="#module-email.parser" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>Message object structures can be created in one of two ways: they can be created
from whole cloth by instantiating <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message</span></tt></a> objects and
stringing them together via <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">attach()</span></tt> and <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_payload()</span></tt> calls, or they
can be created by parsing a flat text representation of the email message.</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="email.html#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages, including MIME documents."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt></a> package provides a standard parser that understands most email
document structures, including MIME documents.  You can pass the parser a string
or a file object, and the parser will return to you the root
<a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message</span></tt></a> instance of the object structure.  For simple,
non-MIME messages the payload of this root object will likely be a string
containing the text of the message.  For MIME messages, the root object will
return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> from its <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_multipart()</span></tt> method, and the subparts can be
accessed via the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_payload()</span></tt> and <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">walk()</span></tt> methods.</p>
<p>There are actually two parser interfaces available for use, the classic
<a class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.Parser" title="email.parser.Parser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt></a> API and the incremental <a class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser" title="email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a> API.  The classic
<a class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.Parser" title="email.parser.Parser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt></a> API is fine if you have the entire text of the message in memory
as a string, or if the entire message lives in a file on the file system.
<a class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser" title="email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a> is more appropriate for when you&#8217;re reading the message from
a stream which might block waiting for more input (e.g. reading an email message
from a socket).  The <a class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser" title="email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a> can consume and parse the message
incrementally, and only returns the root object when you close the parser <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id2" id="id1">[1]</a>.</p>
<p>Note that the parser can be extended in limited ways, and of course you can
implement your own parser completely from scratch.  There is no magical
connection between the <a class="reference internal" href="email.html#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages, including MIME documents."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt></a> package&#8217;s bundled parser and the
<a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message</span></tt></a> class, so your custom parser can create message
object trees any way it finds necessary.</p>
<div class="section" id="feedparser-api">
<h2>18.1.2.1. FeedParser API<a class="headerlink" href="#feedparser-api" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.4.</span></p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser" title="email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a>, imported from the <tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.feedparser</span></tt> module,
provides an API that is conducive to incremental parsing of email messages, such
as would be necessary when reading the text of an email message from a source
that can block (e.g. a socket).  The <a class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser" title="email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a> can of course be used
to parse an email message fully contained in a string or a file, but the classic
<a class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.Parser" title="email.parser.Parser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt></a> API may be more convenient for such use cases.  The semantics
and results of the two parser APIs are identical.</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser" title="email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a>&#8216;s API is simple; you create an instance, feed it a bunch
of text until there&#8217;s no more to feed it, then close the parser to retrieve the
root message object.  The <a class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser" title="email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a> is extremely accurate when parsing
standards-compliant messages, and it does a very good job of parsing
non-compliant messages, providing information about how a message was deemed
broken.  It will populate a message object&#8217;s <em>defects</em> attribute with a list of
any problems it found in a message.  See the <a class="reference internal" href="email.errors.html#module-email.errors" title="email.errors: The exception classes used by the email package."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.errors</span></tt></a> module for the
list of defects that it can find.</p>
<p>Here is the API for the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser" title="email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a>:</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="email.parser.FeedParser">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">email.parser.</tt><tt class="descname">FeedParser</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>_factory</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#email.parser.FeedParser" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Create a <a class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser" title="email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a> instance.  Optional <em>_factory</em> is a no-argument
callable that will be called whenever a new message object is needed.  It
defaults to the <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.message.Message</span></tt></a> class.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.parser.FeedParser.feed">
<tt class="descname">feed</tt><big>(</big><em>data</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#email.parser.FeedParser.feed" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Feed the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser" title="email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a> some more data.  <em>data</em> should be a string
containing one or more lines.  The lines can be partial and the
<a class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser" title="email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a> will stitch such partial lines together properly.  The
lines in the string can have any of the common three line endings,
carriage return, newline, or carriage return and newline (they can even be
mixed).</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.parser.FeedParser.close">
<tt class="descname">close</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#email.parser.FeedParser.close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Closing a <a class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser" title="email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a> completes the parsing of all previously fed
data, and returns the root message object.  It is undefined what happens
if you feed more data to a closed <a class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser" title="email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

</div>
<div class="section" id="parser-class-api">
<h2>18.1.2.2. Parser class API<a class="headerlink" href="#parser-class-api" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.Parser" title="email.parser.Parser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt></a> class, imported from the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-email.parser" title="email.parser: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.parser</span></tt></a> module,
provides an API that can be used to parse a message when the complete contents
of the message are available in a string or file.  The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-email.parser" title="email.parser: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.parser</span></tt></a>
module also provides a second class, called <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">HeaderParser</span></tt> which can be
used if you&#8217;re only interested in the headers of the message.
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">HeaderParser</span></tt> can be much faster in these situations, since it does not
attempt to parse the message body, instead setting the payload to the raw body
as a string. <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">HeaderParser</span></tt> has the same API as the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.Parser" title="email.parser.Parser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt></a>
class.</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="email.parser.Parser">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">email.parser.</tt><tt class="descname">Parser</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>_class</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#email.parser.Parser" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The constructor for the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.Parser" title="email.parser.Parser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt></a> class takes an optional argument
<em>_class</em>.  This must be a callable factory (such as a function or a class), and
it is used whenever a sub-message object needs to be created.  It defaults to
<a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message</span></tt></a> (see <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#module-email.message" title="email.message: The base class representing email messages."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.message</span></tt></a>).  The factory will
be called without arguments.</p>
<p>The optional <em>strict</em> flag is ignored.</p>
<p class="deprecated">
<span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.4: </span>Because the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.Parser" title="email.parser.Parser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt></a> class is a backward compatible API wrapper
around the new-in-Python 2.4 <a class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser" title="email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a>, <em>all</em> parsing is
effectively non-strict.  You should simply stop passing a <em>strict</em> flag to
the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.Parser" title="email.parser.Parser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt></a> constructor.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.2.2: </span>The <em>strict</em> flag was added.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.4: </span>The <em>strict</em> flag was deprecated.</p>
<p>The other public <a class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.Parser" title="email.parser.Parser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt></a> methods are:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.parser.Parser.parse">
<tt class="descname">parse</tt><big>(</big><em>fp</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>headersonly</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#email.parser.Parser.parse" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Read all the data from the file-like object <em>fp</em>, parse the resulting
text, and return the root message object.  <em>fp</em> must support both the
<a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline()</span></tt></a> and the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">read()</span></tt> methods on file-like objects.</p>
<p>The text contained in <em>fp</em> must be formatted as a block of <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822.html"><strong>RFC 2822</strong></a>
style headers and header continuation lines, optionally preceded by a
envelope header.  The header block is terminated either by the end of the
data or by a blank line.  Following the header block is the body of the
message (which may contain MIME-encoded subparts).</p>
<p>Optional <em>headersonly</em> is a flag specifying whether to stop parsing after
reading the headers or not.  The default is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>, meaning it parses
the entire contents of the file.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.2.2: </span>The <em>headersonly</em> flag was added.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.parser.Parser.parsestr">
<tt class="descname">parsestr</tt><big>(</big><em>text</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>headersonly</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#email.parser.Parser.parsestr" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Similar to the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.Parser.parse" title="email.parser.Parser.parse"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">parse()</span></tt></a> method, except it takes a string object
instead of a file-like object.  Calling this method on a string is exactly
equivalent to wrapping <em>text</em> in a <a class="reference internal" href="stringio.html#module-StringIO" title="StringIO: Read and write strings as if they were files."><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">StringIO</span></tt></a> instance first and
calling <a class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.Parser.parse" title="email.parser.Parser.parse"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">parse()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>Optional <em>headersonly</em> is as with the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.Parser.parse" title="email.parser.Parser.parse"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">parse()</span></tt></a> method.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.2.2: </span>The <em>headersonly</em> flag was added.</p>
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<p>Since creating a message object structure from a string or a file object is such
a common task, two functions are provided as a convenience.  They are available
in the top-level <a class="reference internal" href="email.html#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages, including MIME documents."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt></a> package namespace.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="email.message_from_string">
<tt class="descclassname">email.</tt><tt class="descname">message_from_string</tt><big>(</big><em>s</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>_class</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>strict</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message_from_string" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a message object structure from a string.  This is exactly equivalent to
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser().parsestr(s)</span></tt>.  Optional <em>_class</em> and <em>strict</em> are interpreted as
with the <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt> class constructor.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.2.2: </span>The <em>strict</em> flag was added.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="email.message_from_file">
<tt class="descclassname">email.</tt><tt class="descname">message_from_file</tt><big>(</big><em>fp</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>_class</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>strict</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message_from_file" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a message object structure tree from an open file object.  This is
exactly equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser().parse(fp)</span></tt>.  Optional <em>_class</em> and <em>strict</em>
are interpreted as with the <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt> class constructor.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.2.2: </span>The <em>strict</em> flag was added.</p>
</dd></dl>

<p>Here&#8217;s an example of how you might use this at an interactive Python prompt:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">email</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">email</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">message_from_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">myString</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="additional-notes">
<h2>18.1.2.3. Additional notes<a class="headerlink" href="#additional-notes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Here are some notes on the parsing semantics:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Most non-<em class="mimetype">multipart</em> type messages are parsed as a single message
object with a string payload.  These objects will return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> for
<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_multipart()</span></tt>.  Their <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_payload()</span></tt> method will return a string
object.</li>
<li>All <em class="mimetype">multipart</em> type messages will be parsed as a container message
object with a list of sub-message objects for their payload.  The outer
container message will return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> for <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_multipart()</span></tt> and their
<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_payload()</span></tt> method will return the list of <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message</span></tt></a>
subparts.</li>
<li>Most messages with a content type of <em class="mimetype">message/*</em> (e.g.
<em class="mimetype">message/delivery-status</em> and <em class="mimetype">message/rfc822</em>) will also be
parsed as container object containing a list payload of length 1.  Their
<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_multipart()</span></tt> method will return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>.  The single element in the
list payload will be a sub-message object.</li>
<li>Some non-standards compliant messages may not be internally consistent about
their <em class="mimetype">multipart</em>-edness.  Such messages may have a
<em class="mailheader">Content-Type</em> header of type <em class="mimetype">multipart</em>, but their
<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_multipart()</span></tt> method may return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>.  If such messages were parsed
with the <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt>, they will have an instance of the
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MultipartInvariantViolationDefect</span></tt> class in their <em>defects</em> attribute
list.  See <a class="reference internal" href="email.errors.html#module-email.errors" title="email.errors: The exception classes used by the email package."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.errors</span></tt></a> for details.</li>
</ul>
<p class="rubric">Footnotes</p>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id2" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">[1]</a></td><td>As of email package version 3.0, introduced in Python 2.4, the classic
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt> was re-implemented in terms of the <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt>, so the
semantics and results are identical between the two parsers.</td></tr>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#feedparser-api">18.1.2.1. FeedParser API</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#parser-class-api">18.1.2.2. Parser class API</a></li>
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