[ Avaa Bypassed ]

Upload:

Command:

hmhc3928@18.118.195.223: ~ $ 

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">


<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
  <head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
    
    <title>18.2. json — JSON encoder and decoder &mdash; Python 2.7.5 documentation</title>
    
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/default.css" type="text/css" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
    
    <script type="text/javascript">
      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
        URL_ROOT:    '../',
        VERSION:     '2.7.5',
        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
        HAS_SOURCE:  true
      };
    </script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script>
    <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"
          title="Search within Python 2.7.5 documentation"
          href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/>
    <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" />
    <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" />
    <link rel="top" title="Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../index.html" />
    <link rel="up" title="18. Internet Data Handling" href="netdata.html" />
    <link rel="next" title="18.3. mailcap — Mailcap file handling" href="mailcap.html" />
    <link rel="prev" title="18.1.11. email: Examples" href="email-examples.html" />
    <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" />
    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script>
    
 

  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="related">
      <h3>Navigation</h3>
      <ul>
        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
             >modules</a> |</li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="mailcap.html" title="18.3. mailcap — Mailcap file handling"
             accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="email-examples.html" title="18.1.11. email: Examples"
             accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
        <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt=""
                 style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
        <li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> &raquo;</li>
        <li>
          <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> &raquo;
        </li>

          <li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> &raquo;</li>
          <li><a href="netdata.html" accesskey="U">18. Internet Data Handling</a> &raquo;</li> 
      </ul>
    </div>  

    <div class="document">
      <div class="documentwrapper">
        <div class="bodywrapper">
          <div class="body">
            
  <div class="section" id="module-json">
<span id="json-json-encoder-and-decoder"></span><h1>18.2. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-json" title="json: Encode and decode the JSON format."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">json</span></tt></a> &#8212; JSON encoder and decoder<a class="headerlink" href="#module-json" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p>
<p><a class="reference external" href="http://json.org">JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)</a>, specified by
<span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4627.html"><strong>RFC 4627</strong></a>, is a lightweight data interchange format based on a subset of
<a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript">JavaScript</a> syntax (<a class="reference external" href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST-ARCH/ECMA-262,%203rd%20edition,%20December%201999.pdf">ECMA-262 3rd
edition</a>).</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#module-json" title="json: Encode and decode the JSON format."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">json</span></tt></a> exposes an API familiar to users of the standard library
<a class="reference internal" href="marshal.html#module-marshal" title="marshal: Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back (with different constraints)."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">marshal</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="pickle.html#module-pickle" title="pickle: Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">pickle</span></tt></a> modules.</p>
<p>Encoding basic Python object hierarchies:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;baz&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)}])</span>
<span class="go">&#39;[&quot;foo&quot;, {&quot;bar&quot;: [&quot;baz&quot;, null, 1.0, 2]}]&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="se">\&quot;</span><span class="s">foo</span><span class="se">\b</span><span class="s">ar&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&quot;\&quot;foo\bar&quot;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">u&#39;</span><span class="se">\u1234</span><span class="s">&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&quot;\u1234&quot;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;</span><span class="se">\\</span><span class="s">&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&quot;\\&quot;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="s">&quot;c&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;b&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;a&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="n">sort_keys</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">{&quot;a&quot;: 0, &quot;b&quot;: 0, &quot;c&quot;: 0}</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">StringIO</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">StringIO</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">io</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">StringIO</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s">&#39;streaming API&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">io</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">io</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getvalue</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">&#39;[&quot;streaming API&quot;]&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Compact encoding:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,{</span><span class="s">&#39;4&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;6&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">}],</span> <span class="n">separators</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;,&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">&#39;:&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="go">&#39;[1,2,3,{&quot;4&quot;:5,&quot;6&quot;:7}]&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Pretty printing:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="s">&#39;4&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;6&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="n">sort_keys</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>                 <span class="n">indent</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">separators</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;,&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;: &#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="go">{</span>
<span class="go">    &quot;4&quot;: 5,</span>
<span class="go">    &quot;6&quot;: 7</span>
<span class="go">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Decoding JSON:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;[&quot;foo&quot;, {&quot;bar&quot;:[&quot;baz&quot;, null, 1.0, 2]}]&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">[u&#39;foo&#39;, {u&#39;bar&#39;: [u&#39;baz&#39;, None, 1.0, 2]}]</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;&quot;</span><span class="se">\\</span><span class="s">&quot;foo</span><span class="se">\\</span><span class="s">bar&quot;&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">u&#39;&quot;foo\x08ar&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">StringIO</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">StringIO</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">io</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">StringIO</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;[&quot;streaming API&quot;]&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">io</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">[u&#39;streaming API&#39;]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Specializing JSON object decoding:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">as_complex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dct</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="s">&#39;__complex__&#39;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">dct</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">complex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dct</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;real&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">dct</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;imag&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">dct</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;{&quot;__complex__&quot;: true, &quot;real&quot;: 1, &quot;imag&quot;: 2}&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">object_hook</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">as_complex</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">(1+2j)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">decimal</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;1.1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parse_float</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">decimal</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Decimal</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">Decimal(&#39;1.1&#39;)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Extending <a class="reference internal" href="#json.JSONEncoder" title="json.JSONEncoder"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">JSONEncoder</span></tt></a>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ComplexEncoder</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">JSONEncoder</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">default</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">complex</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">real</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">obj</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">imag</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="c"># Let the base class default method raise the TypeError</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">JSONEncoder</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">default</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="n">j</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cls</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">ComplexEncoder</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;[2.0, 1.0]&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">ComplexEncoder</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="n">j</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;[2.0, 1.0]&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ComplexEncoder</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iterencode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="n">j</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="go">[&#39;[&#39;, &#39;2.0&#39;, &#39;, &#39;, &#39;1.0&#39;, &#39;]&#39;]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Using json.tool from the shell to validate and pretty-print:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ echo &#39;{&quot;json&quot;:&quot;obj&quot;}&#39; | python -mjson.tool
{
    &quot;json&quot;: &quot;obj&quot;
}
$ echo &#39;{1.2:3.4}&#39; | python -mjson.tool
Expecting property name enclosed in double quotes: line 1 column 2 (char 1)
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">JSON is a subset of <a class="reference external" href="http://yaml.org/">YAML</a> 1.2.  The JSON produced by
this module&#8217;s default settings (in particular, the default <em>separators</em>
value) is also a subset of YAML 1.0 and 1.1.  This module can thus also be
used as a YAML serializer.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="basic-usage">
<h2>18.2.1. Basic Usage<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-usage" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="json.dump">
<tt class="descclassname">json.</tt><tt class="descname">dump</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em>, <em>fp</em>, <em>skipkeys=False</em>, <em>ensure_ascii=True</em>, <em>check_circular=True</em>, <em>allow_nan=True</em>, <em>cls=None</em>, <em>indent=None</em>, <em>separators=None</em>, <em>encoding=&quot;utf-8&quot;</em>, <em>default=None</em>, <em>sort_keys=False</em>, <em>**kw</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#json.dump" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Serialize <em>obj</em> as a JSON formatted stream to <em>fp</em> (a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.write()</span></tt>-supporting
<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-like-object"><em class="xref std std-term">file-like object</em></a>) using this <a class="reference internal" href="#py-to-json-table"><em>conversion table</em></a>.</p>
<p>If <em>skipkeys</em> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> (default: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>), then dict keys that are not
of a basic type (<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#unicode" title="unicode"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#int" title="int"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">int</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#long" title="long"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">long</span></tt></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#float" title="float"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">float</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bool" title="bool"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">bool</span></tt></a>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>) will be skipped instead of raising a
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.TypeError" title="exceptions.TypeError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>If <em>ensure_ascii</em> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> (the default), all non-ASCII characters in the
output are escaped with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">\uXXXX</span></tt> sequences, and the result is a
<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a> instance consisting of ASCII characters only.  If
<em>ensure_ascii</em> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>, some chunks written to <em>fp</em> may be
<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#unicode" title="unicode"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt></a> instances.  This usually happens because the input contains
unicode strings or the <em>encoding</em> parameter is used.  Unless <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fp.write()</span></tt>
explicitly understands <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#unicode" title="unicode"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt></a> (as in <a class="reference internal" href="codecs.html#codecs.getwriter" title="codecs.getwriter"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">codecs.getwriter()</span></tt></a>)
this is likely to cause an error.</p>
<p>If <em>check_circular</em> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> (default: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>), then the circular
reference check for container types will be skipped and a circular reference
will result in an <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.OverflowError" title="exceptions.OverflowError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">OverflowError</span></tt></a> (or worse).</p>
<p>If <em>allow_nan</em> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> (default: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>), then it will be a
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.ValueError" title="exceptions.ValueError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></tt></a> to serialize out of range <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#float" title="float"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">float</span></tt></a> values (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nan</span></tt>,
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">inf</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-inf</span></tt>) in strict compliance of the JSON specification, instead of
using the JavaScript equivalents (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NaN</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Infinity</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-Infinity</span></tt>).</p>
<p>If <em>indent</em> is a non-negative integer, then JSON array elements and object
members will be pretty-printed with that indent level.  An indent level of 0,
or negative, will only insert newlines.  <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> (the default) selects the
most compact representation.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Since the default item separator is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">',</span> <span class="pre">'</span></tt>,  the output might include
trailing whitespace when <em>indent</em> is specified.  You can use
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">separators=(',',</span> <span class="pre">':</span> <span class="pre">')</span></tt> to avoid this.</p>
</div>
<p>If <em>separators</em> is an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(item_separator,</span> <span class="pre">dict_separator)</span></tt> tuple, then it
will be used instead of the default <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(',</span> <span class="pre">',</span> <span class="pre">':</span> <span class="pre">')</span></tt> separators.  <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(',',</span>
<span class="pre">':')</span></tt> is the most compact JSON representation.</p>
<p><em>encoding</em> is the character encoding for str instances, default is UTF-8.</p>
<p><em>default(obj)</em> is a function that should return a serializable version of
<em>obj</em> or raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.TypeError" title="exceptions.TypeError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt></a>.  The default simply raises <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.TypeError" title="exceptions.TypeError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>If <em>sort_keys</em> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> (default: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>), then the output of
dictionaries will be sorted by key.</p>
<p>To use a custom <a class="reference internal" href="#json.JSONEncoder" title="json.JSONEncoder"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">JSONEncoder</span></tt></a> subclass (e.g. one that overrides the
<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">default()</span></tt> method to serialize additional types), specify it with the
<em>cls</em> kwarg; otherwise <a class="reference internal" href="#json.JSONEncoder" title="json.JSONEncoder"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">JSONEncoder</span></tt></a> is used.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Unlike <a class="reference internal" href="pickle.html#module-pickle" title="pickle: Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">pickle</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="marshal.html#module-marshal" title="marshal: Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back (with different constraints)."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">marshal</span></tt></a>, JSON is not a framed protocol so
trying to serialize more objects with repeated calls to <a class="reference internal" href="#json.dump" title="json.dump"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">dump()</span></tt></a> and
the same <em>fp</em> will result in an invalid JSON file.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="json.dumps">
<tt class="descclassname">json.</tt><tt class="descname">dumps</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em>, <em>skipkeys=False</em>, <em>ensure_ascii=True</em>, <em>check_circular=True</em>, <em>allow_nan=True</em>, <em>cls=None</em>, <em>indent=None</em>, <em>separators=None</em>, <em>encoding=&quot;utf-8&quot;</em>, <em>default=None</em>, <em>sort_keys=False</em>, <em>**kw</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#json.dumps" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Serialize <em>obj</em> to a JSON formatted <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a> using this <a class="reference internal" href="#py-to-json-table"><em>conversion
table</em></a>.  If <em>ensure_ascii</em> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>, the result may
contain non-ASCII characters and the return value may be a <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#unicode" title="unicode"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt></a>
instance.</p>
<p>The arguments have the same meaning as in <a class="reference internal" href="#json.dump" title="json.dump"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">dump()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Keys in key/value pairs of JSON are always of the type <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a>. When
a dictionary is converted into JSON, all the keys of the dictionary are
coerced to strings. As a result of this, if a dictionary is converted
into JSON and then back into a dictionary, the dictionary may not equal
the original one. That is, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">loads(dumps(x))</span> <span class="pre">!=</span> <span class="pre">x</span></tt> if x has non-string
keys.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="json.load">
<tt class="descclassname">json.</tt><tt class="descname">load</tt><big>(</big><em>fp</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>encoding</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>cls</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>object_hook</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>parse_float</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>parse_int</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>parse_constant</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>object_pairs_hook</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>**kw</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#json.load" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Deserialize <em>fp</em> (a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.read()</span></tt>-supporting <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-like-object"><em class="xref std std-term">file-like object</em></a>
containing a JSON document) to a Python object using this <a class="reference internal" href="#json-to-py-table"><em>conversion
table</em></a>.</p>
<p>If the contents of <em>fp</em> are encoded with an ASCII based encoding other than
UTF-8 (e.g. latin-1), then an appropriate <em>encoding</em> name must be specified.
Encodings that are not ASCII based (such as UCS-2) are not allowed, and
should be wrapped with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">codecs.getreader(encoding)(fp)</span></tt>, or simply decoded
to a <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#unicode" title="unicode"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt></a> object and passed to <a class="reference internal" href="#json.loads" title="json.loads"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">loads()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p><em>object_hook</em> is an optional function that will be called with the result of
any object literal decoded (a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict" title="dict"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">dict</span></tt></a>).  The return value of
<em>object_hook</em> will be used instead of the <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict" title="dict"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">dict</span></tt></a>.  This feature can be used
to implement custom decoders (e.g. <a class="reference external" href="http://www.jsonrpc.org">JSON-RPC</a>
class hinting).</p>
<p><em>object_pairs_hook</em> is an optional function that will be called with the
result of any object literal decoded with an ordered list of pairs.  The
return value of <em>object_pairs_hook</em> will be used instead of the
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict" title="dict"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">dict</span></tt></a>.  This feature can be used to implement custom decoders that
rely on the order that the key and value pairs are decoded (for example,
<a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#collections.OrderedDict" title="collections.OrderedDict"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">collections.OrderedDict()</span></tt></a> will remember the order of insertion). If
<em>object_hook</em> is also defined, the <em>object_pairs_hook</em> takes priority.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.7: </span>Added support for <em>object_pairs_hook</em>.</p>
<p><em>parse_float</em>, if specified, will be called with the string of every JSON
float to be decoded.  By default, this is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">float(num_str)</span></tt>.
This can be used to use another datatype or parser for JSON floats
(e.g. <a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html#decimal.Decimal" title="decimal.Decimal"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">decimal.Decimal</span></tt></a>).</p>
<p><em>parse_int</em>, if specified, will be called with the string of every JSON int
to be decoded.  By default, this is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">int(num_str)</span></tt>.  This can
be used to use another datatype or parser for JSON integers
(e.g. <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#float" title="float"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">float</span></tt></a>).</p>
<p><em>parse_constant</em>, if specified, will be called with one of the following
strings: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'-Infinity'</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'Infinity'</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'NaN'</span></tt>.
This can be used to raise an exception if invalid JSON numbers
are encountered.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.7: </span><em>parse_constant</em> doesn&#8217;t get called on &#8216;null&#8217;, &#8216;true&#8217;, &#8216;false&#8217; anymore.</p>
<p>To use a custom <a class="reference internal" href="#json.JSONDecoder" title="json.JSONDecoder"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">JSONDecoder</span></tt></a> subclass, specify it with the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cls</span></tt>
kwarg; otherwise <a class="reference internal" href="#json.JSONDecoder" title="json.JSONDecoder"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">JSONDecoder</span></tt></a> is used.  Additional keyword arguments
will be passed to the constructor of the class.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="json.loads">
<tt class="descclassname">json.</tt><tt class="descname">loads</tt><big>(</big><em>s</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>encoding</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>cls</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>object_hook</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>parse_float</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>parse_int</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>parse_constant</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>object_pairs_hook</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>**kw</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#json.loads" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Deserialize <em>s</em> (a <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#unicode" title="unicode"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt></a> instance containing a JSON
document) to a Python object using this <a class="reference internal" href="#json-to-py-table"><em>conversion table</em></a>.</p>
<p>If <em>s</em> is a <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a> instance and is encoded with an ASCII based encoding
other than UTF-8 (e.g. latin-1), then an appropriate <em>encoding</em> name must be
specified.  Encodings that are not ASCII based (such as UCS-2) are not
allowed and should be decoded to <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#unicode" title="unicode"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt></a> first.</p>
<p>The other arguments have the same meaning as in <a class="reference internal" href="#json.load" title="json.load"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">load()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>

</div>
<div class="section" id="encoders-and-decoders">
<h2>18.2.2. Encoders and Decoders<a class="headerlink" href="#encoders-and-decoders" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="json.JSONDecoder">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">json.</tt><tt class="descname">JSONDecoder</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>encoding</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>object_hook</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>parse_float</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>parse_int</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>parse_constant</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>strict</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>object_pairs_hook</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#json.JSONDecoder" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Simple JSON decoder.</p>
<p>Performs the following translations in decoding by default:</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils" id="json-to-py-table">
<colgroup>
<col width="44%" />
<col width="56%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">JSON</th>
<th class="head">Python</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td>object</td>
<td>dict</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>array</td>
<td>list</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>string</td>
<td>unicode</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>number (int)</td>
<td>int, long</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>number (real)</td>
<td>float</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>true</td>
<td>True</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>false</td>
<td>False</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>null</td>
<td>None</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>It also understands <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NaN</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Infinity</span></tt>, and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-Infinity</span></tt> as their
corresponding <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">float</span></tt> values, which is outside the JSON spec.</p>
<p><em>encoding</em> determines the encoding used to interpret any <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a> objects
decoded by this instance (UTF-8 by default).  It has no effect when decoding
<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#unicode" title="unicode"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt></a> objects.</p>
<p>Note that currently only encodings that are a superset of ASCII work, strings
of other encodings should be passed in as <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#unicode" title="unicode"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p><em>object_hook</em>, if specified, will be called with the result of every JSON
object decoded and its return value will be used in place of the given
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict" title="dict"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">dict</span></tt></a>.  This can be used to provide custom deserializations (e.g. to
support JSON-RPC class hinting).</p>
<p><em>object_pairs_hook</em>, if specified will be called with the result of every
JSON object decoded with an ordered list of pairs.  The return value of
<em>object_pairs_hook</em> will be used instead of the <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict" title="dict"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">dict</span></tt></a>.  This
feature can be used to implement custom decoders that rely on the order
that the key and value pairs are decoded (for example,
<a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#collections.OrderedDict" title="collections.OrderedDict"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">collections.OrderedDict()</span></tt></a> will remember the order of insertion). If
<em>object_hook</em> is also defined, the <em>object_pairs_hook</em> takes priority.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.7: </span>Added support for <em>object_pairs_hook</em>.</p>
<p><em>parse_float</em>, if specified, will be called with the string of every JSON
float to be decoded.  By default, this is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">float(num_str)</span></tt>.
This can be used to use another datatype or parser for JSON floats
(e.g. <a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html#decimal.Decimal" title="decimal.Decimal"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">decimal.Decimal</span></tt></a>).</p>
<p><em>parse_int</em>, if specified, will be called with the string of every JSON int
to be decoded.  By default, this is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">int(num_str)</span></tt>.  This can
be used to use another datatype or parser for JSON integers
(e.g. <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#float" title="float"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">float</span></tt></a>).</p>
<p><em>parse_constant</em>, if specified, will be called with one of the following
strings: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'-Infinity'</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'Infinity'</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'NaN'</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'null'</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'true'</span></tt>,
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'false'</span></tt>.  This can be used to raise an exception if invalid JSON numbers
are encountered.</p>
<p>If <em>strict</em> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> is the default), then control characters
will be allowed inside strings.  Control characters in this context are
those with character codes in the 0-31 range, including <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'\t'</span></tt> (tab),
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'\n'</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'\r'</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'\0'</span></tt>.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="json.JSONDecoder.decode">
<tt class="descname">decode</tt><big>(</big><em>s</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#json.JSONDecoder.decode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the Python representation of <em>s</em> (a <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a> or
<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#unicode" title="unicode"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt></a> instance containing a JSON document)</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="json.JSONDecoder.raw_decode">
<tt class="descname">raw_decode</tt><big>(</big><em>s</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#json.JSONDecoder.raw_decode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Decode a JSON document from <em>s</em> (a <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#unicode" title="unicode"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt></a>
beginning with a JSON document) and return a 2-tuple of the Python
representation and the index in <em>s</em> where the document ended.</p>
<p>This can be used to decode a JSON document from a string that may have
extraneous data at the end.</p>
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<dl class="class">
<dt id="json.JSONEncoder">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">json.</tt><tt class="descname">JSONEncoder</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>skipkeys</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>ensure_ascii</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>check_circular</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>allow_nan</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>sort_keys</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>indent</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>separators</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>encoding</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>default</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#json.JSONEncoder" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Extensible JSON encoder for Python data structures.</p>
<p>Supports the following objects and types by default:</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils" id="py-to-json-table">
<colgroup>
<col width="56%" />
<col width="44%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Python</th>
<th class="head">JSON</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td>dict</td>
<td>object</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>list, tuple</td>
<td>array</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>str, unicode</td>
<td>string</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>int, long, float</td>
<td>number</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>True</td>
<td>true</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>False</td>
<td>false</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>None</td>
<td>null</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>To extend this to recognize other objects, subclass and implement a
<a class="reference internal" href="#json.JSONEncoder.default" title="json.JSONEncoder.default"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">default()</span></tt></a> method with another method that returns a serializable object
for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">o</span></tt> if possible, otherwise it should call the superclass implementation
(to raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.TypeError" title="exceptions.TypeError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt></a>).</p>
<p>If <em>skipkeys</em> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> (the default), then it is a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.TypeError" title="exceptions.TypeError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt></a> to
attempt encoding of keys that are not str, int, long, float or None.  If
<em>skipkeys</em> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>, such items are simply skipped.</p>
<p>If <em>ensure_ascii</em> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> (the default), all non-ASCII characters in the
output are escaped with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">\uXXXX</span></tt> sequences, and the results are
<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a> instances consisting of ASCII characters only. If
<em>ensure_ascii</em> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>, a result may be a <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#unicode" title="unicode"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt></a>
instance. This usually happens if the input contains unicode strings or the
<em>encoding</em> parameter is used.</p>
<p>If <em>check_circular</em> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> (the default), then lists, dicts, and custom
encoded objects will be checked for circular references during encoding to
prevent an infinite recursion (which would cause an <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.OverflowError" title="exceptions.OverflowError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">OverflowError</span></tt></a>).
Otherwise, no such check takes place.</p>
<p>If <em>allow_nan</em> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> (the default), then <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NaN</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Infinity</span></tt>, and
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-Infinity</span></tt> will be encoded as such.  This behavior is not JSON
specification compliant, but is consistent with most JavaScript based
encoders and decoders.  Otherwise, it will be a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.ValueError" title="exceptions.ValueError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></tt></a> to encode
such floats.</p>
<p>If <em>sort_keys</em> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> (default <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>), then the output of dictionaries
will be sorted by key; this is useful for regression tests to ensure that
JSON serializations can be compared on a day-to-day basis.</p>
<p>If <em>indent</em> is a non-negative integer (it is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> by default), then JSON
array elements and object members will be pretty-printed with that indent
level.  An indent level of 0 will only insert newlines.  <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> is the most
compact representation.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Since the default item separator is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">',</span> <span class="pre">'</span></tt>,  the output might include
trailing whitespace when <em>indent</em> is specified.  You can use
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">separators=(',',</span> <span class="pre">':</span> <span class="pre">')</span></tt> to avoid this.</p>
</div>
<p>If specified, <em>separators</em> should be an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(item_separator,</span> <span class="pre">key_separator)</span></tt>
tuple.  The default is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(',</span> <span class="pre">',</span> <span class="pre">':</span> <span class="pre">')</span></tt>.  To get the most compact JSON
representation, you should specify <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(',',</span> <span class="pre">':')</span></tt> to eliminate whitespace.</p>
<p>If specified, <em>default</em> is a function that gets called for objects that can&#8217;t
otherwise be serialized.  It should return a JSON encodable version of the
object or raise a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.TypeError" title="exceptions.TypeError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>If <em>encoding</em> is not <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, then all input strings will be transformed
into unicode using that encoding prior to JSON-encoding.  The default is
UTF-8.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="json.JSONEncoder.default">
<tt class="descname">default</tt><big>(</big><em>o</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#json.JSONEncoder.default" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implement this method in a subclass such that it returns a serializable
object for <em>o</em>, or calls the base implementation (to raise a
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.TypeError" title="exceptions.TypeError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt></a>).</p>
<p>For example, to support arbitrary iterators, you could implement default
like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">default</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">o</span><span class="p">):</span>
   <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
       <span class="n">iterable</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">iter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">)</span>
   <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">TypeError</span><span class="p">:</span>
       <span class="k">pass</span>
   <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
       <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span>
   <span class="c"># Let the base class default method raise the TypeError</span>
   <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">JSONEncoder</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">default</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">o</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="json.JSONEncoder.encode">
<tt class="descname">encode</tt><big>(</big><em>o</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#json.JSONEncoder.encode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a JSON string representation of a Python data structure, <em>o</em>.  For
example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">JSONEncoder</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="s">&quot;foo&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&quot;bar&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;baz&quot;</span><span class="p">]})</span>
<span class="go">&#39;{&quot;foo&quot;: [&quot;bar&quot;, &quot;baz&quot;]}&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="json.JSONEncoder.iterencode">
<tt class="descname">iterencode</tt><big>(</big><em>o</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#json.JSONEncoder.iterencode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Encode the given object, <em>o</em>, and yield each string representation as
available.  For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">chunk</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">JSONEncoder</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iterencode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bigobject</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">mysocket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">chunk</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

</div>
<div class="section" id="standard-compliance">
<h2>18.2.3. Standard Compliance<a class="headerlink" href="#standard-compliance" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The JSON format is specified by <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4627.html"><strong>RFC 4627</strong></a>.  This section details this
module&#8217;s level of compliance with the RFC.  For simplicity,
<a class="reference internal" href="#json.JSONEncoder" title="json.JSONEncoder"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">JSONEncoder</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#json.JSONDecoder" title="json.JSONDecoder"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">JSONDecoder</span></tt></a> subclasses, and parameters other
than those explicitly mentioned, are not considered.</p>
<p>This module does not comply with the RFC in a strict fashion, implementing some
extensions that are valid JavaScript but not valid JSON.  In particular:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Top-level non-object, non-array values are accepted and output;</li>
<li>Infinite and NaN number values are accepted and output;</li>
<li>Repeated names within an object are accepted, and only the value of the last
name-value pair is used.</li>
</ul>
<p>Since the RFC permits RFC-compliant parsers to accept input texts that are not
RFC-compliant, this module&#8217;s deserializer is technically RFC-compliant under
default settings.</p>
<div class="section" id="character-encodings">
<h3>18.2.3.1. Character Encodings<a class="headerlink" href="#character-encodings" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The RFC recommends that JSON be represented using either UTF-8, UTF-16, or
UTF-32, with UTF-8 being the default.  Accordingly, this module uses UTF-8 as
the default for its <em>encoding</em> parameter.</p>
<p>This module&#8217;s deserializer only directly works with ASCII-compatible encodings;
UTF-16, UTF-32, and other ASCII-incompatible encodings require the use of
workarounds described in the documentation for the deserializer&#8217;s <em>encoding</em>
parameter.</p>
<p>The RFC also non-normatively describes a limited encoding detection technique
for JSON texts; this module&#8217;s deserializer does not implement this or any other
kind of encoding detection.</p>
<p>As permitted, though not required, by the RFC, this module&#8217;s serializer sets
<em>ensure_ascii=True</em> by default, thus escaping the output so that the resulting
strings only contain ASCII characters.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="top-level-non-object-non-array-values">
<h3>18.2.3.2. Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Values<a class="headerlink" href="#top-level-non-object-non-array-values" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The RFC specifies that the top-level value of a JSON text must be either a
JSON object or array (Python <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict" title="dict"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">dict</span></tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#list" title="list"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">list</span></tt></a>).  This module&#8217;s
deserializer also accepts input texts consisting solely of a
JSON null, boolean, number, or string value:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">just_a_json_string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;&quot;spam and eggs&quot;&#39;</span>  <span class="c"># Not by itself a valid JSON text</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">just_a_json_string</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">u&#39;spam and eggs&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This module itself does not include a way to request that such input texts be
regarded as illegal.  Likewise, this module&#8217;s serializer also accepts single
Python <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bool" title="bool"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">bool</span></tt></a>, numeric, and <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a>
values as input and will generate output texts consisting solely of a top-level
JSON null, boolean, number, or string value without raising an exception:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">neither_a_list_nor_a_dict</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">u&quot;spam and eggs&quot;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">neither_a_list_nor_a_dict</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c"># The result is not a valid JSON text</span>
<span class="go">&#39;&quot;spam and eggs&quot;&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This module&#8217;s serializer does not itself include a way to enforce the
aforementioned constraint.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="infinite-and-nan-number-values">
<h3>18.2.3.3. Infinite and NaN Number Values<a class="headerlink" href="#infinite-and-nan-number-values" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The RFC does not permit the representation of infinite or NaN number values.
Despite that, by default, this module accepts and outputs <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Infinity</span></tt>,
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-Infinity</span></tt>, and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NaN</span></tt> as if they were valid JSON number literal values:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># Neither of these calls raises an exception, but the results are not valid JSON</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;-inf&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="go">&#39;-Infinity&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;nan&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="go">&#39;NaN&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># Same when deserializing</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;-Infinity&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">-inf</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;NaN&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">nan</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In the serializer, the <em>allow_nan</em> parameter can be used to alter this
behavior.  In the deserializer, the <em>parse_constant</em> parameter can be used to
alter this behavior.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="repeated-names-within-an-object">
<h3>18.2.3.4. Repeated Names Within an Object<a class="headerlink" href="#repeated-names-within-an-object" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The RFC specifies that the names within a JSON object should be unique, but
does not specify how repeated names in JSON objects should be handled.  By
default, this module does not raise an exception; instead, it ignores all but
the last name-value pair for a given name:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">weird_json</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;{&quot;x&quot;: 1, &quot;x&quot;: 2, &quot;x&quot;: 3}&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">weird_json</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">{u&#39;x&#39;: 3}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <em>object_pairs_hook</em> parameter can be used to alter this behavior.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>


          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
  <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
  <ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">18.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">json</span></tt> &#8212; JSON encoder and decoder</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-usage">18.2.1. Basic Usage</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#encoders-and-decoders">18.2.2. Encoders and Decoders</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#standard-compliance">18.2.3. Standard Compliance</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#character-encodings">18.2.3.1. Character Encodings</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#top-level-non-object-non-array-values">18.2.3.2. Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Values</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#infinite-and-nan-number-values">18.2.3.3. Infinite and NaN Number Values</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#repeated-names-within-an-object">18.2.3.4. Repeated Names Within an Object</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
  <p class="topless"><a href="email-examples.html"
                        title="previous chapter">18.1.11. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt>: Examples</a></p>
  <h4>Next topic</h4>
  <p class="topless"><a href="mailcap.html"
                        title="next chapter">18.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mailcap</span></tt> &#8212; Mailcap file handling</a></p>
<h3>This Page</h3>
<ul class="this-page-menu">
  <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li>
  <li><a href="../_sources/library/json.txt"
         rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
</ul>

<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
  <h3>Quick search</h3>
    <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
      <input type="text" name="q" />
      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
    </form>
    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
    </p>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="clearer"></div>
    </div>
    <div class="related">
      <h3>Navigation</h3>
      <ul>
        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
             >index</a></li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
             >modules</a> |</li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="mailcap.html" title="18.3. mailcap — Mailcap file handling"
             >next</a> |</li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="email-examples.html" title="18.1.11. email: Examples"
             >previous</a> |</li>
        <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt=""
                 style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
        <li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> &raquo;</li>
        <li>
          <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> &raquo;
        </li>

          <li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> &raquo;</li>
          <li><a href="netdata.html" >18. Internet Data Handling</a> &raquo;</li> 
      </ul>
    </div>
    <div class="footer">
    &copy; <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 1990-2019, Python Software Foundation.
    <br />
    The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation.
    <a href="http://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a>
    <br />
    Last updated on Jul 03, 2019.
    <a href="../bugs.html">Found a bug</a>?
    <br />
    Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.1.3.
    </div>

  </body>
</html>

Filemanager

DIR : / usr/ share/ doc/ python-docs-2.7.5/ html/ library/
Name Type Size Permission Actions
2to3.html File 49.27 KB 0644
__builtin__.html File 10.26 KB 0644
__future__.html File 13.79 KB 0644
__main__.html File 7.05 KB 0644
_winreg.html File 59.21 KB 0644
abc.html File 23.9 KB 0644
aepack.html File 13.16 KB 0644
aetools.html File 14.91 KB 0644
aetypes.html File 18.88 KB 0644
aifc.html File 22.4 KB 0644
al.html File 17.34 KB 0644
allos.html File 33.72 KB 0644
anydbm.html File 16.33 KB 0644
archiving.html File 9.26 KB 0644
argparse.html File 237.62 KB 0644
array.html File 29.29 KB 0644
ast.html File 34.98 KB 0644
asynchat.html File 31.43 KB 0644
asyncore.html File 36.51 KB 0644
atexit.html File 16.8 KB 0644
audioop.html File 31.36 KB 0644
autogil.html File 8.19 KB 0644
base64.html File 19.67 KB 0644
basehttpserver.html File 34.04 KB 0644
bastion.html File 11.04 KB 0644
bdb.html File 36.68 KB 0644
binascii.html File 20.67 KB 0644
binhex.html File 10.58 KB 0644
bisect.html File 23.24 KB 0644
bsddb.html File 26.43 KB 0644
bz2.html File 26.08 KB 0644
calendar.html File 37.79 KB 0644
carbon.html File 48.94 KB 0644
cd.html File 27.96 KB 0644
cgi.html File 49.92 KB 0644
cgihttpserver.html File 13.1 KB 0644
cgitb.html File 11.41 KB 0644
chunk.html File 14.66 KB 0644
cmath.html File 25.63 KB 0644
cmd.html File 26.09 KB 0644
code.html File 24.58 KB 0644
codecs.html File 100.64 KB 0644
codeop.html File 14.84 KB 0644
collections.html File 133.96 KB 0644
colorpicker.html File 7.52 KB 0644
colorsys.html File 11.04 KB 0644
commands.html File 14.36 KB 0644
compileall.html File 16.83 KB 0644
compiler.html File 67.75 KB 0644
configparser.html File 62.13 KB 0644
constants.html File 12.83 KB 0644
contextlib.html File 19.39 KB 0644
cookie.html File 39.07 KB 0644
cookielib.html File 83.82 KB 0644
copy.html File 12.19 KB 0644
copy_reg.html File 13.76 KB 0644
crypt.html File 10.04 KB 0644
crypto.html File 7.59 KB 0644
csv.html File 67.37 KB 0644
ctypes.html File 238.78 KB 0644
curses.ascii.html File 22.29 KB 0644
curses.html File 146.63 KB 0644
curses.panel.html File 14.39 KB 0644
custominterp.html File 7.62 KB 0644
datatypes.html File 16.84 KB 0644
datetime.html File 226.59 KB 0644
dbhash.html File 15.48 KB 0644
dbm.html File 12.07 KB 0644
debug.html File 10.15 KB 0644
decimal.html File 194.44 KB 0644
development.html File 14.17 KB 0644
difflib.html File 84.83 KB 0644
dircache.html File 11.41 KB 0644
dis.html File 69.95 KB 0644
distutils.html File 8.05 KB 0644
dl.html File 16.33 KB 0644
doctest.html File 165.54 KB 0644
docxmlrpcserver.html File 16.43 KB 0644
dumbdbm.html File 14.02 KB 0644
dummy_thread.html File 9.43 KB 0644
dummy_threading.html File 8.37 KB 0644
easydialogs.html File 30.55 KB 0644
email-examples.html File 45.65 KB 0644
email.charset.html File 26.8 KB 0644
email.encoders.html File 11.86 KB 0644
email.errors.html File 15.77 KB 0644
email.generator.html File 20.77 KB 0644
email.header.html File 26.92 KB 0644
email.html File 44.24 KB 0644
email.iterators.html File 11.52 KB 0644
email.message.html File 63.16 KB 0644
email.mime.html File 27.93 KB 0644
email.parser.html File 30.45 KB 0644
email.util.html File 24.46 KB 0644
errno.html File 37.99 KB 0644
exceptions.html File 56.13 KB 0644
fcntl.html File 22.67 KB 0644
filecmp.html File 22.3 KB 0644
fileformats.html File 9.14 KB 0644
fileinput.html File 24.28 KB 0644
filesys.html File 10.2 KB 0644
fl.html File 49.92 KB 0644
fm.html File 11.91 KB 0644
fnmatch.html File 14.58 KB 0644
formatter.html File 34.06 KB 0644
fpectl.html File 16.01 KB 0644
fpformat.html File 10.59 KB 0644
fractions.html File 22.61 KB 0644
framework.html File 33.34 KB 0644
frameworks.html File 7.14 KB 0644
ftplib.html File 43.99 KB 0644
functions.html File 183.14 KB 0644
functools.html File 27.17 KB 0644
future_builtins.html File 13.04 KB 0644
gc.html File 25.75 KB 0644
gdbm.html File 15.96 KB 0644
gensuitemodule.html File 11.51 KB 0644
getopt.html File 23.66 KB 0644
getpass.html File 10.65 KB 0644
gettext.html File 78.76 KB 0644
gl.html File 22.09 KB 0644
glob.html File 13.26 KB 0644
grp.html File 10.49 KB 0644
gzip.html File 18.99 KB 0644
hashlib.html File 18.2 KB 0644
heapq.html File 31.61 KB 0644
hmac.html File 10.46 KB 0644
hotshot.html File 18.65 KB 0644
htmllib.html File 25.32 KB 0644
htmlparser.html File 39.11 KB 0644
httplib.html File 62.95 KB 0644
i18n.html File 9.52 KB 0644
ic.html File 17.17 KB 0644
idle.html File 20.9 KB 0644
imageop.html File 14.76 KB 0644
imaplib.html File 51.99 KB 0644
imgfile.html File 11.71 KB 0644
imghdr.html File 11.3 KB 0644
imp.html File 34.34 KB 0644
importlib.html File 8.26 KB 0644
imputil.html File 31.81 KB 0644
index.html File 72.78 KB 0644
inspect.html File 50.71 KB 0644
internet.html File 24.87 KB 0644
intro.html File 8.93 KB 0644
io.html File 98.13 KB 0644
ipc.html File 13.41 KB 0644
itertools.html File 115.91 KB 0644
jpeg.html File 12.74 KB 0644
json.html File 67.04 KB 0644
keyword.html File 7.68 KB 0644
language.html File 11.03 KB 0644
linecache.html File 10.59 KB 0644
locale.html File 55.14 KB 0644
logging.config.html File 63.36 KB 0644
logging.handlers.html File 69.64 KB 0644
logging.html File 95.64 KB 0644
mac.html File 21.79 KB 0644
macos.html File 14.76 KB 0644
macosa.html File 12.96 KB 0644
macostools.html File 15.52 KB 0644
macpath.html File 7.76 KB 0644
mailbox.html File 156.75 KB 0644
mailcap.html File 13.21 KB 0644
markup.html File 18.77 KB 0644
marshal.html File 17.98 KB 0644
math.html File 39.24 KB 0644
md5.html File 13.97 KB 0644
mhlib.html File 21.54 KB 0644
mimetools.html File 19.25 KB 0644
mimetypes.html File 28.39 KB 0644
mimewriter.html File 15.02 KB 0644
mimify.html File 13.36 KB 0644
miniaeframe.html File 12.2 KB 0644
misc.html File 6.87 KB 0644
mm.html File 9.03 KB 0644
mmap.html File 28.36 KB 0644
modulefinder.html File 15.31 KB 0644
modules.html File 8.46 KB 0644
msilib.html File 52.43 KB 0644
msvcrt.html File 19.37 KB 0644
multifile.html File 24.3 KB 0644
multiprocessing.html File 365.71 KB 0644
mutex.html File 11.23 KB 0644
netdata.html File 16.98 KB 0644
netrc.html File 12.3 KB 0644
new.html File 12.12 KB 0644
nis.html File 10.64 KB 0644
nntplib.html File 41.92 KB 0644
numbers.html File 37.75 KB 0644
numeric.html File 13.55 KB 0644
operator.html File 82 KB 0644
optparse.html File 222.56 KB 0644
os.html File 214.25 KB 0644
os.path.html File 38.34 KB 0644
ossaudiodev.html File 41.5 KB 0644
othergui.html File 9.08 KB 0644
parser.html File 39.36 KB 0644
pdb.html File 33.96 KB 0644
persistence.html File 14.87 KB 0644
pickle.html File 102.27 KB 0644
pickletools.html File 10.63 KB 0644
pipes.html File 18.01 KB 0644
pkgutil.html File 25.11 KB 0644
platform.html File 28.37 KB 0644
plistlib.html File 17.03 KB 0644
popen2.html File 25.43 KB 0644
poplib.html File 22.32 KB 0644
posix.html File 14.41 KB 0644
posixfile.html File 19.76 KB 0644
pprint.html File 29.92 KB 0644
profile.html File 63.56 KB 0644
pty.html File 9.48 KB 0644
pwd.html File 11.43 KB 0644
py_compile.html File 11.12 KB 0644
pyclbr.html File 14.71 KB 0644
pydoc.html File 11.48 KB 0644
pyexpat.html File 71.53 KB 0644
python.html File 12.27 KB 0644
queue.html File 24.22 KB 0644
quopri.html File 11.9 KB 0644
random.html File 37.83 KB 0644
re.html File 134.74 KB 0644
readline.html File 28.24 KB 0644
repr.html File 20.43 KB 0644
resource.html File 26.48 KB 0644
restricted.html File 11.65 KB 0644
rexec.html File 37.41 KB 0644
rfc822.html File 42.22 KB 0644
rlcompleter.html File 13.51 KB 0644
robotparser.html File 12.27 KB 0644
runpy.html File 19.34 KB 0644
sched.html File 18.54 KB 0644
scrolledtext.html File 9.32 KB 0644
select.html File 39.67 KB 0644
sets.html File 36.92 KB 0644
sgi.html File 9.71 KB 0644
sgmllib.html File 30.77 KB 0644
sha.html File 12.09 KB 0644
shelve.html File 27.02 KB 0644
shlex.html File 32.1 KB 0644
shutil.html File 40.22 KB 0644
signal.html File 31.14 KB 0644
simplehttpserver.html File 18.41 KB 0644
simplexmlrpcserver.html File 31.39 KB 0644
site.html File 23.64 KB 0644
smtpd.html File 12.46 KB 0644
smtplib.html File 42.13 KB 0644
sndhdr.html File 10.02 KB 0644
socket.html File 106.34 KB 0644
socketserver.html File 59.83 KB 0644
someos.html File 15.11 KB 0644
spwd.html File 10.33 KB 0644
sqlite3.html File 139.5 KB 0644
ssl.html File 65.62 KB 0644
stat.html File 32.31 KB 0644
statvfs.html File 10.6 KB 0644
stdtypes.html File 260.4 KB 0644
string.html File 106.65 KB 0644
stringio.html File 18.81 KB 0644
stringprep.html File 16.13 KB 0644
strings.html File 14.93 KB 0644
struct.html File 40.88 KB 0644
subprocess.html File 84.91 KB 0644
sun.html File 6.84 KB 0644
sunau.html File 27.1 KB 0644
sunaudio.html File 17.79 KB 0644
symbol.html File 7.66 KB 0644
symtable.html File 22.94 KB 0644
sys.html File 98.7 KB 0644
sysconfig.html File 23.84 KB 0644
syslog.html File 17.92 KB 0644
tabnanny.html File 10.63 KB 0644
tarfile.html File 78.68 KB 0644
telnetlib.html File 25.48 KB 0644
tempfile.html File 29.42 KB 0644
termios.html File 16.01 KB 0644
test.html File 52.62 KB 0644
textwrap.html File 27.25 KB 0644
thread.html File 20.47 KB 0644
threading.html File 76.69 KB 0644
time.html File 56.93 KB 0644
timeit.html File 36.27 KB 0644
tix.html File 46.96 KB 0644
tk.html File 23.64 KB 0644
tkinter.html File 67.67 KB 0644
token.html File 19.62 KB 0644
tokenize.html File 18.45 KB 0644
trace.html File 25.54 KB 0644
traceback.html File 33.44 KB 0644
ttk.html File 101.75 KB 0644
tty.html File 9.06 KB 0644
turtle.html File 211.74 KB 0644
types.html File 27.59 KB 0644
undoc.html File 23.16 KB 0644
unicodedata.html File 18.55 KB 0644
unittest.html File 202.85 KB 0644
unix.html File 10.55 KB 0644
urllib.html File 58.68 KB 0644
urllib2.html File 100.58 KB 0644
urlparse.html File 40.41 KB 0644
user.html File 11.83 KB 0644
userdict.html File 29.73 KB 0644
uu.html File 11.03 KB 0644
uuid.html File 28.19 KB 0644
warnings.html File 46.6 KB 0644
wave.html File 22.22 KB 0644
weakref.html File 36.52 KB 0644
webbrowser.html File 23.07 KB 0644
whichdb.html File 8.85 KB 0644
windows.html File 9.33 KB 0644
winsound.html File 18.75 KB 0644
wsgiref.html File 81.04 KB 0644
xdrlib.html File 29.94 KB 0644
xml.dom.html File 89.04 KB 0644
xml.dom.minidom.html File 40.42 KB 0644
xml.dom.pulldom.html File 12.71 KB 0644
xml.etree.elementtree.html File 93.22 KB 0644
xml.html File 16.49 KB 0644
xml.sax.handler.html File 38.63 KB 0644
xml.sax.html File 20.22 KB 0644
xml.sax.reader.html File 39.09 KB 0644
xml.sax.utils.html File 14.26 KB 0644
xmlrpclib.html File 60.79 KB 0644
zipfile.html File 53.14 KB 0644
zipimport.html File 20.42 KB 0644
zlib.html File 25.46 KB 0644