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  <div class="section" id="module-readline">
<span id="readline-gnu-readline-interface"></span><h1>16.8. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline</span></tt></a> &#8212; GNU readline interface<a class="headerlink" href="#module-readline" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline</span></tt></a> module defines a number of functions to facilitate
completion and reading/writing of history files from the Python interpreter.
This module can be used directly or via the <a class="reference internal" href="rlcompleter.html#module-rlcompleter" title="rlcompleter: Python identifier completion, suitable for the GNU readline library."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">rlcompleter</span></tt></a> module.  Settings
made using  this module affect the behaviour of both the interpreter&#8217;s
interactive prompt  and the prompts offered by the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#raw_input" title="raw_input"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">raw_input()</span></tt></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#input" title="input"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">input()</span></tt></a> built-in functions.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>On MacOS X the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline</span></tt></a> module can be implemented using
the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">libedit</span></tt> library instead of GNU readline.</p>
<p class="last">The configuration file for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">libedit</span></tt> is different from that
of GNU readline. If you programmatically load configuration strings
you can check for the text &#8220;libedit&#8221; in <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline.__doc__</span></tt>
to differentiate between GNU readline and libedit.</p>
</div>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline</span></tt></a> module defines the following functions:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="readline.parse_and_bind">
<tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">parse_and_bind</tt><big>(</big><em>string</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.parse_and_bind" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Parse and execute single line of a readline init file.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="readline.get_line_buffer">
<tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">get_line_buffer</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.get_line_buffer" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the current contents of the line buffer.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="readline.insert_text">
<tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">insert_text</tt><big>(</big><em>string</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.insert_text" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Insert text into the command line.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="readline.read_init_file">
<tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">read_init_file</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>filename</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.read_init_file" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Parse a readline initialization file. The default filename is the last filename
used.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="readline.read_history_file">
<tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">read_history_file</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>filename</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.read_history_file" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Load a readline history file. The default filename is <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">~/.history</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="readline.write_history_file">
<tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">write_history_file</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>filename</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.write_history_file" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Save a readline history file. The default filename is <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">~/.history</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="readline.clear_history">
<tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">clear_history</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.clear_history" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Clear the current history.  (Note: this function is not available if the
installed version of GNU readline doesn&#8217;t support it.)</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.4.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="readline.get_history_length">
<tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">get_history_length</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.get_history_length" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the desired length of the history file.  Negative values imply unlimited
history file size.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="readline.set_history_length">
<tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">set_history_length</tt><big>(</big><em>length</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.set_history_length" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the number of lines to save in the history file. <a class="reference internal" href="#readline.write_history_file" title="readline.write_history_file"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">write_history_file()</span></tt></a>
uses this value to truncate the history file when saving.  Negative values imply
unlimited history file size.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="readline.get_current_history_length">
<tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">get_current_history_length</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.get_current_history_length" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the number of lines currently in the history.  (This is different from
<a class="reference internal" href="#readline.get_history_length" title="readline.get_history_length"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_history_length()</span></tt></a>, which returns the maximum number of lines that will
be written to a history file.)</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="readline.get_history_item">
<tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">get_history_item</tt><big>(</big><em>index</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.get_history_item" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the current contents of history item at <em>index</em>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="readline.remove_history_item">
<tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">remove_history_item</tt><big>(</big><em>pos</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.remove_history_item" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Remove history item specified by its position from the history.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.4.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="readline.replace_history_item">
<tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">replace_history_item</tt><big>(</big><em>pos</em>, <em>line</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.replace_history_item" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Replace history item specified by its position with the given line.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.4.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="readline.redisplay">
<tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">redisplay</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.redisplay" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Change what&#8217;s displayed on the screen to reflect the current contents of the
line buffer.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="readline.set_startup_hook">
<tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">set_startup_hook</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>function</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.set_startup_hook" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set or remove the startup_hook function.  If <em>function</em> is specified, it will be
used as the new startup_hook function; if omitted or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, any hook function
already installed is removed.  The startup_hook function is called with no
arguments just before readline prints the first prompt.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="readline.set_pre_input_hook">
<tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">set_pre_input_hook</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>function</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.set_pre_input_hook" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set or remove the pre_input_hook function.  If <em>function</em> is specified, it will
be used as the new pre_input_hook function; if omitted or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, any hook
function already installed is removed.  The pre_input_hook function is called
with no arguments after the first prompt has been printed and just before
readline starts reading input characters.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="readline.set_completer">
<tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">set_completer</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>function</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.set_completer" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set or remove the completer function.  If <em>function</em> is specified, it will be
used as the new completer function; if omitted or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, any completer
function already installed is removed.  The completer function is called as
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">function(text,</span> <span class="pre">state)</span></tt>, for <em>state</em> in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">1</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2</span></tt>, ..., until it
returns a non-string value.  It should return the next possible completion
starting with <em>text</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="readline.get_completer">
<tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">get_completer</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.get_completer" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Get the completer function, or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> if no completer function has been set.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="readline.get_completion_type">
<tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">get_completion_type</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.get_completion_type" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Get the type of completion being attempted.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="readline.get_begidx">
<tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">get_begidx</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.get_begidx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Get the beginning index of the readline tab-completion scope.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="readline.get_endidx">
<tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">get_endidx</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.get_endidx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Get the ending index of the readline tab-completion scope.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="readline.set_completer_delims">
<tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">set_completer_delims</tt><big>(</big><em>string</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.set_completer_delims" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the readline word delimiters for tab-completion.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="readline.get_completer_delims">
<tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">get_completer_delims</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.get_completer_delims" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Get the readline word delimiters for tab-completion.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="readline.set_completion_display_matches_hook">
<tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">set_completion_display_matches_hook</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>function</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.set_completion_display_matches_hook" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set or remove the completion display function.  If <em>function</em> is
specified, it will be used as the new completion display function;
if omitted or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, any completion display function already
installed is removed.  The completion display function is called as
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">function(substitution,</span> <span class="pre">[matches],</span> <span class="pre">longest_match_length)</span></tt> once
each time matches need to be displayed.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="readline.add_history">
<tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">add_history</tt><big>(</big><em>line</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.add_history" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Append a line to the history buffer, as if it was the last line typed.</p>
</dd></dl>

<div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
<dl class="last docutils">
<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="rlcompleter.html#module-rlcompleter" title="rlcompleter: Python identifier completion, suitable for the GNU readline library."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">rlcompleter</span></tt></a></dt>
<dd>Completion of Python identifiers at the interactive prompt.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="example">
<span id="readline-example"></span><h2>16.8.1. Example<a class="headerlink" href="#example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The following example demonstrates how to use the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline</span></tt></a> module&#8217;s
history reading and writing functions to automatically load and save a history
file named <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">.pyhist</span></tt> from the user&#8217;s home directory.  The code below would
normally be executed automatically during interactive sessions from the user&#8217;s
<span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONSTARTUP"><tt class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal"><span class="pre">PYTHONSTARTUP</span></tt></a> file.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">readline</span>
<span class="n">histfile</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expanduser</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;~&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s">&quot;.pyhist&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
    <span class="n">readline</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read_history_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">histfile</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">IOError</span><span class="p">:</span>
    <span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">atexit</span>
<span class="n">atexit</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">readline</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write_history_file</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">histfile</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">del</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">histfile</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The following example extends the <a class="reference internal" href="code.html#code.InteractiveConsole" title="code.InteractiveConsole"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">code.InteractiveConsole</span></tt></a> class to
support history save/restore.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">code</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">readline</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">atexit</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>

<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">HistoryConsole</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">code</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">InteractiveConsole</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">locals</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;console&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
                 <span class="n">histfile</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expanduser</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;~/.console-history&quot;</span><span class="p">)):</span>
        <span class="n">code</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">InteractiveConsole</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">locals</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">init_history</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">histfile</span><span class="p">)</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">init_history</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">histfile</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="n">readline</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_and_bind</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;tab: complete&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">hasattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">readline</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;read_history_file&quot;</span><span class="p">):</span>
            <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
                <span class="n">readline</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read_history_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">histfile</span><span class="p">)</span>
            <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">IOError</span><span class="p">:</span>
                <span class="k">pass</span>
            <span class="n">atexit</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save_history</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">histfile</span><span class="p">)</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">save_history</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">histfile</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="n">readline</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write_history_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">histfile</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
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