<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<title>8.7. sets — Unordered collections of unique elements — Python 2.7.5 documentation</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/default.css" type="text/css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
<script type="text/javascript">
var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
URL_ROOT: '../',
VERSION: '2.7.5',
COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
HAS_SOURCE: true
};
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script>
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"
title="Search within Python 2.7.5 documentation"
href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/>
<link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" />
<link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" />
<link rel="top" title="Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../index.html" />
<link rel="up" title="8. Data Types" href="datatypes.html" />
<link rel="next" title="8.8. sched — Event scheduler" href="sched.html" />
<link rel="prev" title="8.6. array — Efficient arrays of numeric values" href="array.html" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" />
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div class="related">
<h3>Navigation</h3>
<ul>
<li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
<a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
accesskey="I">index</a></li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
>modules</a> |</li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="sched.html" title="8.8. sched — Event scheduler"
accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="array.html" title="8.6. array — Efficient arrays of numeric values"
accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
<li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt=""
style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
<li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li>
<li>
<a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> »
</li>
<li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li>
<li><a href="datatypes.html" accesskey="U">8. Data Types</a> »</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="document">
<div class="documentwrapper">
<div class="bodywrapper">
<div class="body">
<div class="section" id="module-sets">
<span id="sets-unordered-collections-of-unique-elements"></span><h1>8.7. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sets" title="sets: Implementation of sets of unique elements. (deprecated)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">sets</span></tt></a> — Unordered collections of unique elements<a class="headerlink" href="#module-sets" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p>
<p class="deprecated">
<span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.6: </span>The built-in <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">set</span></tt></a>/<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></tt></a> types replace this module.</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sets" title="sets: Implementation of sets of unique elements. (deprecated)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">sets</span></tt></a> module provides classes for constructing and manipulating
unordered collections of unique elements. Common uses include membership
testing, removing duplicates from a sequence, and computing standard math
operations on sets such as intersection, union, difference, and symmetric
difference.</p>
<p>Like other collections, sets support <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">set</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">len(set)</span></tt>, and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">for</span> <span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">in</span>
<span class="pre">set</span></tt>. Being an unordered collection, sets do not record element position or
order of insertion. Accordingly, sets do not support indexing, slicing, or
other sequence-like behavior.</p>
<p>Most set applications use the <a class="reference internal" href="#sets.Set" title="sets.Set"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Set</span></tt></a> class which provides every set method
except for <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__hash__" title="object.__hash__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__hash__()</span></tt></a>. For advanced applications requiring a hash method,
the <a class="reference internal" href="#sets.ImmutableSet" title="sets.ImmutableSet"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ImmutableSet</span></tt></a> class adds a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__hash__" title="object.__hash__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__hash__()</span></tt></a> method but omits methods
which alter the contents of the set. Both <a class="reference internal" href="#sets.Set" title="sets.Set"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Set</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#sets.ImmutableSet" title="sets.ImmutableSet"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ImmutableSet</span></tt></a>
derive from <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">BaseSet</span></tt>, an abstract class useful for determining whether
something is a set: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">isinstance(obj,</span> <span class="pre">BaseSet)</span></tt>.</p>
<p>The set classes are implemented using dictionaries. Accordingly, the
requirements for set elements are the same as those for dictionary keys; namely,
that the element defines both <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__eq__" title="object.__eq__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__eq__()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__hash__" title="object.__hash__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__hash__()</span></tt></a>. As a result,
sets cannot contain mutable elements such as lists or dictionaries. However,
they can contain immutable collections such as tuples or instances of
<a class="reference internal" href="#sets.ImmutableSet" title="sets.ImmutableSet"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ImmutableSet</span></tt></a>. For convenience in implementing sets of sets, inner sets
are automatically converted to immutable form, for example,
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Set([Set(['dog'])])</span></tt> is transformed to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Set([ImmutableSet(['dog'])])</span></tt>.</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="sets.Set">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">sets.</tt><tt class="descname">Set</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>iterable</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sets.Set" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Constructs a new empty <a class="reference internal" href="#sets.Set" title="sets.Set"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Set</span></tt></a> object. If the optional <em>iterable</em>
parameter is supplied, updates the set with elements obtained from iteration.
All of the elements in <em>iterable</em> should be immutable or be transformable to an
immutable using the protocol described in section <a class="reference internal" href="#immutable-transforms"><em>Protocol for automatic conversion to immutable</em></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="sets.ImmutableSet">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">sets.</tt><tt class="descname">ImmutableSet</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>iterable</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sets.ImmutableSet" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Constructs a new empty <a class="reference internal" href="#sets.ImmutableSet" title="sets.ImmutableSet"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ImmutableSet</span></tt></a> object. If the optional <em>iterable</em>
parameter is supplied, updates the set with elements obtained from iteration.
All of the elements in <em>iterable</em> should be immutable or be transformable to an
immutable using the protocol described in section <a class="reference internal" href="#immutable-transforms"><em>Protocol for automatic conversion to immutable</em></a>.</p>
<p>Because <a class="reference internal" href="#sets.ImmutableSet" title="sets.ImmutableSet"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ImmutableSet</span></tt></a> objects provide a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__hash__" title="object.__hash__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__hash__()</span></tt></a> method, they
can be used as set elements or as dictionary keys. <a class="reference internal" href="#sets.ImmutableSet" title="sets.ImmutableSet"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ImmutableSet</span></tt></a>
objects do not have methods for adding or removing elements, so all of the
elements must be known when the constructor is called.</p>
</dd></dl>
<div class="section" id="set-objects">
<span id="id1"></span><h2>8.7.1. Set Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#set-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Instances of <a class="reference internal" href="#sets.Set" title="sets.Set"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Set</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#sets.ImmutableSet" title="sets.ImmutableSet"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ImmutableSet</span></tt></a> both provide the following
operations:</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="41%" />
<col width="16%" />
<col width="43%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Operation</th>
<th class="head">Equivalent</th>
<th class="head">Result</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">len(s)</span></tt></td>
<td> </td>
<td>cardinality of set <em>s</em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">s</span></tt></td>
<td> </td>
<td>test <em>x</em> for membership in <em>s</em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">s</span></tt></td>
<td> </td>
<td>test <em>x</em> for non-membership in
<em>s</em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s.issubset(t)</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s</span> <span class="pre"><=</span> <span class="pre">t</span></tt></td>
<td>test whether every element in
<em>s</em> is in <em>t</em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s.issuperset(t)</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s</span> <span class="pre">>=</span> <span class="pre">t</span></tt></td>
<td>test whether every element in
<em>t</em> is in <em>s</em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s.union(t)</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">t</span></tt></td>
<td>new set with elements from both
<em>s</em> and <em>t</em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s.intersection(t)</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s</span> <span class="pre">&</span> <span class="pre">t</span></tt></td>
<td>new set with elements common to
<em>s</em> and <em>t</em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s.difference(t)</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">t</span></tt></td>
<td>new set with elements in <em>s</em>
but not in <em>t</em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s.symmetric_difference(t)</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s</span> <span class="pre">^</span> <span class="pre">t</span></tt></td>
<td>new set with elements in either
<em>s</em> or <em>t</em> but not both</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s.copy()</span></tt></td>
<td> </td>
<td>new set with a shallow copy of
<em>s</em></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Note, the non-operator versions of <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">union()</span></tt>, <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">intersection()</span></tt>,
<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">difference()</span></tt>, and <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">symmetric_difference()</span></tt> will accept any iterable as
an argument. In contrast, their operator based counterparts require their
arguments to be sets. This precludes error-prone constructions like
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Set('abc')</span> <span class="pre">&</span> <span class="pre">'cbs'</span></tt> in favor of the more readable
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Set('abc').intersection('cbs')</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.3.1: </span>Formerly all arguments were required to be sets.</p>
<p>In addition, both <a class="reference internal" href="#sets.Set" title="sets.Set"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Set</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#sets.ImmutableSet" title="sets.ImmutableSet"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ImmutableSet</span></tt></a> support set to set
comparisons. Two sets are equal if and only if every element of each set is
contained in the other (each is a subset of the other). A set is less than
another set if and only if the first set is a proper subset of the second set
(is a subset, but is not equal). A set is greater than another set if and only
if the first set is a proper superset of the second set (is a superset, but is
not equal).</p>
<p>The subset and equality comparisons do not generalize to a complete ordering
function. For example, any two disjoint sets are not equal and are not subsets
of each other, so <em>all</em> of the following return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a<b</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a==b</span></tt>,
or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a>b</span></tt>. Accordingly, sets do not implement the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__cmp__" title="object.__cmp__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__cmp__()</span></tt></a> method.</p>
<p>Since sets only define partial ordering (subset relationships), the output of
the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">list.sort()</span></tt> method is undefined for lists of sets.</p>
<p>The following table lists operations available in <a class="reference internal" href="#sets.ImmutableSet" title="sets.ImmutableSet"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ImmutableSet</span></tt></a> but not
found in <a class="reference internal" href="#sets.Set" title="sets.Set"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Set</span></tt></a>:</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="30%" />
<col width="70%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Operation</th>
<th class="head">Result</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hash(s)</span></tt></td>
<td>returns a hash value for <em>s</em></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>The following table lists operations available in <a class="reference internal" href="#sets.Set" title="sets.Set"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Set</span></tt></a> but not found in
<a class="reference internal" href="#sets.ImmutableSet" title="sets.ImmutableSet"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ImmutableSet</span></tt></a>:</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="45%" />
<col width="15%" />
<col width="39%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Operation</th>
<th class="head">Equivalent</th>
<th class="head">Result</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s.update(t)</span></tt></td>
<td><em>s</em> |= <em>t</em></td>
<td>return set <em>s</em> with elements
added from <em>t</em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s.intersection_update(t)</span></tt></td>
<td><em>s</em> &= <em>t</em></td>
<td>return set <em>s</em> keeping only
elements also found in <em>t</em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s.difference_update(t)</span></tt></td>
<td><em>s</em> -= <em>t</em></td>
<td>return set <em>s</em> after removing
elements found in <em>t</em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s.symmetric_difference_update(t)</span></tt></td>
<td><em>s</em> ^= <em>t</em></td>
<td>return set <em>s</em> with elements
from <em>s</em> or <em>t</em> but not both</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s.add(x)</span></tt></td>
<td> </td>
<td>add element <em>x</em> to set <em>s</em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s.remove(x)</span></tt></td>
<td> </td>
<td>remove <em>x</em> from set <em>s</em>; raises
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.KeyError" title="exceptions.KeyError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">KeyError</span></tt></a> if not present</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s.discard(x)</span></tt></td>
<td> </td>
<td>removes <em>x</em> from set <em>s</em> if
present</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s.pop()</span></tt></td>
<td> </td>
<td>remove and return an arbitrary
element from <em>s</em>; raises
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.KeyError" title="exceptions.KeyError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">KeyError</span></tt></a> if empty</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s.clear()</span></tt></td>
<td> </td>
<td>remove all elements from set
<em>s</em></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Note, the non-operator versions of <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">update()</span></tt>, <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">intersection_update()</span></tt>,
<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">difference_update()</span></tt>, and <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">symmetric_difference_update()</span></tt> will accept
any iterable as an argument.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.3.1: </span>Formerly all arguments were required to be sets.</p>
<p>Also note, the module also includes a <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">union_update()</span></tt> method which is an
alias for <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">update()</span></tt>. The method is included for backwards compatibility.
Programmers should prefer the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">update()</span></tt> method because it is supported by
the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">set()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">frozenset()</span></tt></a> types.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="example">
<span id="set-example"></span><h2>8.7.2. Example<a class="headerlink" href="#example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sets</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Set</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">engineers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Set</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s">'John'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'Jane'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'Jack'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'Janice'</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">programmers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Set</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s">'Jack'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'Sam'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'Susan'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'Janice'</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">managers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Set</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s">'Jane'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'Jack'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'Susan'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'Zack'</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">employees</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">engineers</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">programmers</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">managers</span> <span class="c"># union</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">engineering_management</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">engineers</span> <span class="o">&</span> <span class="n">managers</span> <span class="c"># intersection</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">fulltime_management</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">managers</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">engineers</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">programmers</span> <span class="c"># difference</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">engineers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'Marvin'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># add element</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">engineers</span>
<span class="go">Set(['Jane', 'Marvin', 'Janice', 'John', 'Jack'])</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">employees</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">issuperset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">engineers</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># superset test</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">employees</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">engineers</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># update from another set</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">employees</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">issuperset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">engineers</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">group</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">engineers</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">programmers</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">managers</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">employees</span><span class="p">]:</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">group</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">discard</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'Susan'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># unconditionally remove element</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">group</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="go">Set(['Jane', 'Marvin', 'Janice', 'John', 'Jack'])</span>
<span class="go">Set(['Janice', 'Jack', 'Sam'])</span>
<span class="go">Set(['Jane', 'Zack', 'Jack'])</span>
<span class="go">Set(['Jack', 'Sam', 'Jane', 'Marvin', 'Janice', 'John', 'Zack'])</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="protocol-for-automatic-conversion-to-immutable">
<span id="immutable-transforms"></span><h2>8.7.3. Protocol for automatic conversion to immutable<a class="headerlink" href="#protocol-for-automatic-conversion-to-immutable" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Sets can only contain immutable elements. For convenience, mutable <a class="reference internal" href="#sets.Set" title="sets.Set"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Set</span></tt></a>
objects are automatically copied to an <a class="reference internal" href="#sets.ImmutableSet" title="sets.ImmutableSet"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ImmutableSet</span></tt></a> before being added
as a set element.</p>
<p>The mechanism is to always add a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-hashable"><em class="xref std std-term">hashable</em></a> element, or if it is not
hashable, the element is checked to see if it has an <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__as_immutable__()</span></tt>
method which returns an immutable equivalent.</p>
<p>Since <a class="reference internal" href="#sets.Set" title="sets.Set"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Set</span></tt></a> objects have a <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__as_immutable__()</span></tt> method returning an
instance of <a class="reference internal" href="#sets.ImmutableSet" title="sets.ImmutableSet"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ImmutableSet</span></tt></a>, it is possible to construct sets of sets.</p>
<p>A similar mechanism is needed by the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__contains__" title="object.__contains__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__contains__()</span></tt></a> and <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">remove()</span></tt>
methods which need to hash an element to check for membership in a set. Those
methods check an element for hashability and, if not, check for a
<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__as_temporarily_immutable__()</span></tt> method which returns the element wrapped by
a class that provides temporary methods for <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__hash__" title="object.__hash__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__hash__()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__eq__" title="object.__eq__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__eq__()</span></tt></a>,
and <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__ne__" title="object.__ne__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__ne__()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>The alternate mechanism spares the need to build a separate copy of the original
mutable object.</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#sets.Set" title="sets.Set"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Set</span></tt></a> objects implement the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__as_temporarily_immutable__()</span></tt> method
which returns the <a class="reference internal" href="#sets.Set" title="sets.Set"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Set</span></tt></a> object wrapped by a new class
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">_TemporarilyImmutableSet</span></tt>.</p>
<p>The two mechanisms for adding hashability are normally invisible to the user;
however, a conflict can arise in a multi-threaded environment where one thread
is updating a set while another has temporarily wrapped it in
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">_TemporarilyImmutableSet</span></tt>. In other words, sets of mutable sets are not
thread-safe.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="comparison-to-the-built-in-set-types">
<span id="comparison-to-builtin-set"></span><h2>8.7.4. Comparison to the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">set</span></tt></a> types<a class="headerlink" href="#comparison-to-the-built-in-set-types" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The built-in <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">set</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></tt></a> types were designed based on
lessons learned from the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sets" title="sets: Implementation of sets of unique elements. (deprecated)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">sets</span></tt></a> module. The key differences are:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#sets.Set" title="sets.Set"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Set</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#sets.ImmutableSet" title="sets.ImmutableSet"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ImmutableSet</span></tt></a> were renamed to <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">set</span></tt></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></tt></a>.</li>
<li>There is no equivalent to <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">BaseSet</span></tt>. Instead, use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">isinstance(x,</span>
<span class="pre">(set,</span> <span class="pre">frozenset))</span></tt>.</li>
<li>The hash algorithm for the built-ins performs significantly better (fewer
collisions) for most datasets.</li>
<li>The built-in versions have more space efficient pickles.</li>
<li>The built-in versions do not have a <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">union_update()</span></tt> method. Instead, use
the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">update()</span></tt> method which is equivalent.</li>
<li>The built-in versions do not have a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_repr(sorted=True)</span></tt> method.
Instead, use the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="repr.html#module-repr" title="repr: Alternate repr() implementation with size limits."><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">repr()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#sorted" title="sorted"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">sorted()</span></tt></a> functions:
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">repr(sorted(s))</span></tt>.</li>
<li>The built-in version does not have a protocol for automatic conversion to
immutable. Many found this feature to be confusing and no one in the community
reported having found real uses for it.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sphinxsidebar">
<div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
<h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">8.7. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sets</span></tt> — Unordered collections of unique elements</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#set-objects">8.7.1. Set Objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#example">8.7.2. Example</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#protocol-for-automatic-conversion-to-immutable">8.7.3. Protocol for automatic conversion to immutable</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#comparison-to-the-built-in-set-types">8.7.4. Comparison to the built-in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set</span></tt> types</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4>Previous topic</h4>
<p class="topless"><a href="array.html"
title="previous chapter">8.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">array</span></tt> — Efficient arrays of numeric values</a></p>
<h4>Next topic</h4>
<p class="topless"><a href="sched.html"
title="next chapter">8.8. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sched</span></tt> — Event scheduler</a></p>
<h3>This Page</h3>
<ul class="this-page-menu">
<li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li>
<li><a href="../_sources/library/sets.txt"
rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
</ul>
<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
<h3>Quick search</h3>
<form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
<input type="text" name="q" />
<input type="submit" value="Go" />
<input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
<input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
</form>
<p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
</p>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
</div>
</div>
<div class="clearer"></div>
</div>
<div class="related">
<h3>Navigation</h3>
<ul>
<li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
<a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
>index</a></li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
>modules</a> |</li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="sched.html" title="8.8. sched — Event scheduler"
>next</a> |</li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="array.html" title="8.6. array — Efficient arrays of numeric values"
>previous</a> |</li>
<li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt=""
style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
<li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li>
<li>
<a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> »
</li>
<li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li>
<li><a href="datatypes.html" >8. Data Types</a> »</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="footer">
© <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 1990-2019, Python Software Foundation.
<br />
The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation.
<a href="http://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a>
<br />
Last updated on Jul 03, 2019.
<a href="../bugs.html">Found a bug</a>?
<br />
Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.1.3.
</div>
</body>
</html>| Name | Type | Size | Permission | Actions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2to3.html | File | 49.27 KB | 0644 |
|
| __builtin__.html | File | 10.26 KB | 0644 |
|
| __future__.html | File | 13.79 KB | 0644 |
|
| __main__.html | File | 7.05 KB | 0644 |
|
| _winreg.html | File | 59.21 KB | 0644 |
|
| abc.html | File | 23.9 KB | 0644 |
|
| aepack.html | File | 13.16 KB | 0644 |
|
| aetools.html | File | 14.91 KB | 0644 |
|
| aetypes.html | File | 18.88 KB | 0644 |
|
| aifc.html | File | 22.4 KB | 0644 |
|
| al.html | File | 17.34 KB | 0644 |
|
| allos.html | File | 33.72 KB | 0644 |
|
| anydbm.html | File | 16.33 KB | 0644 |
|
| archiving.html | File | 9.26 KB | 0644 |
|
| argparse.html | File | 237.62 KB | 0644 |
|
| array.html | File | 29.29 KB | 0644 |
|
| ast.html | File | 34.98 KB | 0644 |
|
| asynchat.html | File | 31.43 KB | 0644 |
|
| asyncore.html | File | 36.51 KB | 0644 |
|
| atexit.html | File | 16.8 KB | 0644 |
|
| audioop.html | File | 31.36 KB | 0644 |
|
| autogil.html | File | 8.19 KB | 0644 |
|
| base64.html | File | 19.67 KB | 0644 |
|
| basehttpserver.html | File | 34.04 KB | 0644 |
|
| bastion.html | File | 11.04 KB | 0644 |
|
| bdb.html | File | 36.68 KB | 0644 |
|
| binascii.html | File | 20.67 KB | 0644 |
|
| binhex.html | File | 10.58 KB | 0644 |
|
| bisect.html | File | 23.24 KB | 0644 |
|
| bsddb.html | File | 26.43 KB | 0644 |
|
| bz2.html | File | 26.08 KB | 0644 |
|
| calendar.html | File | 37.79 KB | 0644 |
|
| carbon.html | File | 48.94 KB | 0644 |
|
| cd.html | File | 27.96 KB | 0644 |
|
| cgi.html | File | 49.92 KB | 0644 |
|
| cgihttpserver.html | File | 13.1 KB | 0644 |
|
| cgitb.html | File | 11.41 KB | 0644 |
|
| chunk.html | File | 14.66 KB | 0644 |
|
| cmath.html | File | 25.63 KB | 0644 |
|
| cmd.html | File | 26.09 KB | 0644 |
|
| code.html | File | 24.58 KB | 0644 |
|
| codecs.html | File | 100.64 KB | 0644 |
|
| codeop.html | File | 14.84 KB | 0644 |
|
| collections.html | File | 133.96 KB | 0644 |
|
| colorpicker.html | File | 7.52 KB | 0644 |
|
| colorsys.html | File | 11.04 KB | 0644 |
|
| commands.html | File | 14.36 KB | 0644 |
|
| compileall.html | File | 16.83 KB | 0644 |
|
| compiler.html | File | 67.75 KB | 0644 |
|
| configparser.html | File | 62.13 KB | 0644 |
|
| constants.html | File | 12.83 KB | 0644 |
|
| contextlib.html | File | 19.39 KB | 0644 |
|
| cookie.html | File | 39.07 KB | 0644 |
|
| cookielib.html | File | 83.82 KB | 0644 |
|
| copy.html | File | 12.19 KB | 0644 |
|
| copy_reg.html | File | 13.76 KB | 0644 |
|
| crypt.html | File | 10.04 KB | 0644 |
|
| crypto.html | File | 7.59 KB | 0644 |
|
| csv.html | File | 67.37 KB | 0644 |
|
| ctypes.html | File | 238.78 KB | 0644 |
|
| curses.ascii.html | File | 22.29 KB | 0644 |
|
| curses.html | File | 146.63 KB | 0644 |
|
| curses.panel.html | File | 14.39 KB | 0644 |
|
| custominterp.html | File | 7.62 KB | 0644 |
|
| datatypes.html | File | 16.84 KB | 0644 |
|
| datetime.html | File | 226.59 KB | 0644 |
|
| dbhash.html | File | 15.48 KB | 0644 |
|
| dbm.html | File | 12.07 KB | 0644 |
|
| debug.html | File | 10.15 KB | 0644 |
|
| decimal.html | File | 194.44 KB | 0644 |
|
| development.html | File | 14.17 KB | 0644 |
|
| difflib.html | File | 84.83 KB | 0644 |
|
| dircache.html | File | 11.41 KB | 0644 |
|
| dis.html | File | 69.95 KB | 0644 |
|
| distutils.html | File | 8.05 KB | 0644 |
|
| dl.html | File | 16.33 KB | 0644 |
|
| doctest.html | File | 165.54 KB | 0644 |
|
| docxmlrpcserver.html | File | 16.43 KB | 0644 |
|
| dumbdbm.html | File | 14.02 KB | 0644 |
|
| dummy_thread.html | File | 9.43 KB | 0644 |
|
| dummy_threading.html | File | 8.37 KB | 0644 |
|
| easydialogs.html | File | 30.55 KB | 0644 |
|
| email-examples.html | File | 45.65 KB | 0644 |
|
| email.charset.html | File | 26.8 KB | 0644 |
|
| email.encoders.html | File | 11.86 KB | 0644 |
|
| email.errors.html | File | 15.77 KB | 0644 |
|
| email.generator.html | File | 20.77 KB | 0644 |
|
| email.header.html | File | 26.92 KB | 0644 |
|
| email.html | File | 44.24 KB | 0644 |
|
| email.iterators.html | File | 11.52 KB | 0644 |
|
| email.message.html | File | 63.16 KB | 0644 |
|
| email.mime.html | File | 27.93 KB | 0644 |
|
| email.parser.html | File | 30.45 KB | 0644 |
|
| email.util.html | File | 24.46 KB | 0644 |
|
| errno.html | File | 37.99 KB | 0644 |
|
| exceptions.html | File | 56.13 KB | 0644 |
|
| fcntl.html | File | 22.67 KB | 0644 |
|
| filecmp.html | File | 22.3 KB | 0644 |
|
| fileformats.html | File | 9.14 KB | 0644 |
|
| fileinput.html | File | 24.28 KB | 0644 |
|
| filesys.html | File | 10.2 KB | 0644 |
|
| fl.html | File | 49.92 KB | 0644 |
|
| fm.html | File | 11.91 KB | 0644 |
|
| fnmatch.html | File | 14.58 KB | 0644 |
|
| formatter.html | File | 34.06 KB | 0644 |
|
| fpectl.html | File | 16.01 KB | 0644 |
|
| fpformat.html | File | 10.59 KB | 0644 |
|
| fractions.html | File | 22.61 KB | 0644 |
|
| framework.html | File | 33.34 KB | 0644 |
|
| frameworks.html | File | 7.14 KB | 0644 |
|
| ftplib.html | File | 43.99 KB | 0644 |
|
| functions.html | File | 183.14 KB | 0644 |
|
| functools.html | File | 27.17 KB | 0644 |
|
| future_builtins.html | File | 13.04 KB | 0644 |
|
| gc.html | File | 25.75 KB | 0644 |
|
| gdbm.html | File | 15.96 KB | 0644 |
|
| gensuitemodule.html | File | 11.51 KB | 0644 |
|
| getopt.html | File | 23.66 KB | 0644 |
|
| getpass.html | File | 10.65 KB | 0644 |
|
| gettext.html | File | 78.76 KB | 0644 |
|
| gl.html | File | 22.09 KB | 0644 |
|
| glob.html | File | 13.26 KB | 0644 |
|
| grp.html | File | 10.49 KB | 0644 |
|
| gzip.html | File | 18.99 KB | 0644 |
|
| hashlib.html | File | 18.2 KB | 0644 |
|
| heapq.html | File | 31.61 KB | 0644 |
|
| hmac.html | File | 10.46 KB | 0644 |
|
| hotshot.html | File | 18.65 KB | 0644 |
|
| htmllib.html | File | 25.32 KB | 0644 |
|
| htmlparser.html | File | 39.11 KB | 0644 |
|
| httplib.html | File | 62.95 KB | 0644 |
|
| i18n.html | File | 9.52 KB | 0644 |
|
| ic.html | File | 17.17 KB | 0644 |
|
| idle.html | File | 20.9 KB | 0644 |
|
| imageop.html | File | 14.76 KB | 0644 |
|
| imaplib.html | File | 51.99 KB | 0644 |
|
| imgfile.html | File | 11.71 KB | 0644 |
|
| imghdr.html | File | 11.3 KB | 0644 |
|
| imp.html | File | 34.34 KB | 0644 |
|
| importlib.html | File | 8.26 KB | 0644 |
|
| imputil.html | File | 31.81 KB | 0644 |
|
| index.html | File | 72.78 KB | 0644 |
|
| inspect.html | File | 50.71 KB | 0644 |
|
| internet.html | File | 24.87 KB | 0644 |
|
| intro.html | File | 8.93 KB | 0644 |
|
| io.html | File | 98.13 KB | 0644 |
|
| ipc.html | File | 13.41 KB | 0644 |
|
| itertools.html | File | 115.91 KB | 0644 |
|
| jpeg.html | File | 12.74 KB | 0644 |
|
| json.html | File | 67.04 KB | 0644 |
|
| keyword.html | File | 7.68 KB | 0644 |
|
| language.html | File | 11.03 KB | 0644 |
|
| linecache.html | File | 10.59 KB | 0644 |
|
| locale.html | File | 55.14 KB | 0644 |
|
| logging.config.html | File | 63.36 KB | 0644 |
|
| logging.handlers.html | File | 69.64 KB | 0644 |
|
| logging.html | File | 95.64 KB | 0644 |
|
| mac.html | File | 21.79 KB | 0644 |
|
| macos.html | File | 14.76 KB | 0644 |
|
| macosa.html | File | 12.96 KB | 0644 |
|
| macostools.html | File | 15.52 KB | 0644 |
|
| macpath.html | File | 7.76 KB | 0644 |
|
| mailbox.html | File | 156.75 KB | 0644 |
|
| mailcap.html | File | 13.21 KB | 0644 |
|
| markup.html | File | 18.77 KB | 0644 |
|
| marshal.html | File | 17.98 KB | 0644 |
|
| math.html | File | 39.24 KB | 0644 |
|
| md5.html | File | 13.97 KB | 0644 |
|
| mhlib.html | File | 21.54 KB | 0644 |
|
| mimetools.html | File | 19.25 KB | 0644 |
|
| mimetypes.html | File | 28.39 KB | 0644 |
|
| mimewriter.html | File | 15.02 KB | 0644 |
|
| mimify.html | File | 13.36 KB | 0644 |
|
| miniaeframe.html | File | 12.2 KB | 0644 |
|
| misc.html | File | 6.87 KB | 0644 |
|
| mm.html | File | 9.03 KB | 0644 |
|
| mmap.html | File | 28.36 KB | 0644 |
|
| modulefinder.html | File | 15.31 KB | 0644 |
|
| modules.html | File | 8.46 KB | 0644 |
|
| msilib.html | File | 52.43 KB | 0644 |
|
| msvcrt.html | File | 19.37 KB | 0644 |
|
| multifile.html | File | 24.3 KB | 0644 |
|
| multiprocessing.html | File | 365.71 KB | 0644 |
|
| mutex.html | File | 11.23 KB | 0644 |
|
| netdata.html | File | 16.98 KB | 0644 |
|
| netrc.html | File | 12.3 KB | 0644 |
|
| new.html | File | 12.12 KB | 0644 |
|
| nis.html | File | 10.64 KB | 0644 |
|
| nntplib.html | File | 41.92 KB | 0644 |
|
| numbers.html | File | 37.75 KB | 0644 |
|
| numeric.html | File | 13.55 KB | 0644 |
|
| operator.html | File | 82 KB | 0644 |
|
| optparse.html | File | 222.56 KB | 0644 |
|
| os.html | File | 214.25 KB | 0644 |
|
| os.path.html | File | 38.34 KB | 0644 |
|
| ossaudiodev.html | File | 41.5 KB | 0644 |
|
| othergui.html | File | 9.08 KB | 0644 |
|
| parser.html | File | 39.36 KB | 0644 |
|
| pdb.html | File | 33.96 KB | 0644 |
|
| persistence.html | File | 14.87 KB | 0644 |
|
| pickle.html | File | 102.27 KB | 0644 |
|
| pickletools.html | File | 10.63 KB | 0644 |
|
| pipes.html | File | 18.01 KB | 0644 |
|
| pkgutil.html | File | 25.11 KB | 0644 |
|
| platform.html | File | 28.37 KB | 0644 |
|
| plistlib.html | File | 17.03 KB | 0644 |
|
| popen2.html | File | 25.43 KB | 0644 |
|
| poplib.html | File | 22.32 KB | 0644 |
|
| posix.html | File | 14.41 KB | 0644 |
|
| posixfile.html | File | 19.76 KB | 0644 |
|
| pprint.html | File | 29.92 KB | 0644 |
|
| profile.html | File | 63.56 KB | 0644 |
|
| pty.html | File | 9.48 KB | 0644 |
|
| pwd.html | File | 11.43 KB | 0644 |
|
| py_compile.html | File | 11.12 KB | 0644 |
|
| pyclbr.html | File | 14.71 KB | 0644 |
|
| pydoc.html | File | 11.48 KB | 0644 |
|
| pyexpat.html | File | 71.53 KB | 0644 |
|
| python.html | File | 12.27 KB | 0644 |
|
| queue.html | File | 24.22 KB | 0644 |
|
| quopri.html | File | 11.9 KB | 0644 |
|
| random.html | File | 37.83 KB | 0644 |
|
| re.html | File | 134.74 KB | 0644 |
|
| readline.html | File | 28.24 KB | 0644 |
|
| repr.html | File | 20.43 KB | 0644 |
|
| resource.html | File | 26.48 KB | 0644 |
|
| restricted.html | File | 11.65 KB | 0644 |
|
| rexec.html | File | 37.41 KB | 0644 |
|
| rfc822.html | File | 42.22 KB | 0644 |
|
| rlcompleter.html | File | 13.51 KB | 0644 |
|
| robotparser.html | File | 12.27 KB | 0644 |
|
| runpy.html | File | 19.34 KB | 0644 |
|
| sched.html | File | 18.54 KB | 0644 |
|
| scrolledtext.html | File | 9.32 KB | 0644 |
|
| select.html | File | 39.67 KB | 0644 |
|
| sets.html | File | 36.92 KB | 0644 |
|
| sgi.html | File | 9.71 KB | 0644 |
|
| sgmllib.html | File | 30.77 KB | 0644 |
|
| sha.html | File | 12.09 KB | 0644 |
|
| shelve.html | File | 27.02 KB | 0644 |
|
| shlex.html | File | 32.1 KB | 0644 |
|
| shutil.html | File | 40.22 KB | 0644 |
|
| signal.html | File | 31.14 KB | 0644 |
|
| simplehttpserver.html | File | 18.41 KB | 0644 |
|
| simplexmlrpcserver.html | File | 31.39 KB | 0644 |
|
| site.html | File | 23.64 KB | 0644 |
|
| smtpd.html | File | 12.46 KB | 0644 |
|
| smtplib.html | File | 42.13 KB | 0644 |
|
| sndhdr.html | File | 10.02 KB | 0644 |
|
| socket.html | File | 106.34 KB | 0644 |
|
| socketserver.html | File | 59.83 KB | 0644 |
|
| someos.html | File | 15.11 KB | 0644 |
|
| spwd.html | File | 10.33 KB | 0644 |
|
| sqlite3.html | File | 139.5 KB | 0644 |
|
| ssl.html | File | 65.62 KB | 0644 |
|
| stat.html | File | 32.31 KB | 0644 |
|
| statvfs.html | File | 10.6 KB | 0644 |
|
| stdtypes.html | File | 260.4 KB | 0644 |
|
| string.html | File | 106.65 KB | 0644 |
|
| stringio.html | File | 18.81 KB | 0644 |
|
| stringprep.html | File | 16.13 KB | 0644 |
|
| strings.html | File | 14.93 KB | 0644 |
|
| struct.html | File | 40.88 KB | 0644 |
|
| subprocess.html | File | 84.91 KB | 0644 |
|
| sun.html | File | 6.84 KB | 0644 |
|
| sunau.html | File | 27.1 KB | 0644 |
|
| sunaudio.html | File | 17.79 KB | 0644 |
|
| symbol.html | File | 7.66 KB | 0644 |
|
| symtable.html | File | 22.94 KB | 0644 |
|
| sys.html | File | 98.7 KB | 0644 |
|
| sysconfig.html | File | 23.84 KB | 0644 |
|
| syslog.html | File | 17.92 KB | 0644 |
|
| tabnanny.html | File | 10.63 KB | 0644 |
|
| tarfile.html | File | 78.68 KB | 0644 |
|
| telnetlib.html | File | 25.48 KB | 0644 |
|
| tempfile.html | File | 29.42 KB | 0644 |
|
| termios.html | File | 16.01 KB | 0644 |
|
| test.html | File | 52.62 KB | 0644 |
|
| textwrap.html | File | 27.25 KB | 0644 |
|
| thread.html | File | 20.47 KB | 0644 |
|
| threading.html | File | 76.69 KB | 0644 |
|
| time.html | File | 56.93 KB | 0644 |
|
| timeit.html | File | 36.27 KB | 0644 |
|
| tix.html | File | 46.96 KB | 0644 |
|
| tk.html | File | 23.64 KB | 0644 |
|
| tkinter.html | File | 67.67 KB | 0644 |
|
| token.html | File | 19.62 KB | 0644 |
|
| tokenize.html | File | 18.45 KB | 0644 |
|
| trace.html | File | 25.54 KB | 0644 |
|
| traceback.html | File | 33.44 KB | 0644 |
|
| ttk.html | File | 101.75 KB | 0644 |
|
| tty.html | File | 9.06 KB | 0644 |
|
| turtle.html | File | 211.74 KB | 0644 |
|
| types.html | File | 27.59 KB | 0644 |
|
| undoc.html | File | 23.16 KB | 0644 |
|
| unicodedata.html | File | 18.55 KB | 0644 |
|
| unittest.html | File | 202.85 KB | 0644 |
|
| unix.html | File | 10.55 KB | 0644 |
|
| urllib.html | File | 58.68 KB | 0644 |
|
| urllib2.html | File | 100.58 KB | 0644 |
|
| urlparse.html | File | 40.41 KB | 0644 |
|
| user.html | File | 11.83 KB | 0644 |
|
| userdict.html | File | 29.73 KB | 0644 |
|
| uu.html | File | 11.03 KB | 0644 |
|
| uuid.html | File | 28.19 KB | 0644 |
|
| warnings.html | File | 46.6 KB | 0644 |
|
| wave.html | File | 22.22 KB | 0644 |
|
| weakref.html | File | 36.52 KB | 0644 |
|
| webbrowser.html | File | 23.07 KB | 0644 |
|
| whichdb.html | File | 8.85 KB | 0644 |
|
| windows.html | File | 9.33 KB | 0644 |
|
| winsound.html | File | 18.75 KB | 0644 |
|
| wsgiref.html | File | 81.04 KB | 0644 |
|
| xdrlib.html | File | 29.94 KB | 0644 |
|
| xml.dom.html | File | 89.04 KB | 0644 |
|
| xml.dom.minidom.html | File | 40.42 KB | 0644 |
|
| xml.dom.pulldom.html | File | 12.71 KB | 0644 |
|
| xml.etree.elementtree.html | File | 93.22 KB | 0644 |
|
| xml.html | File | 16.49 KB | 0644 |
|
| xml.sax.handler.html | File | 38.63 KB | 0644 |
|
| xml.sax.html | File | 20.22 KB | 0644 |
|
| xml.sax.reader.html | File | 39.09 KB | 0644 |
|
| xml.sax.utils.html | File | 14.26 KB | 0644 |
|
| xmlrpclib.html | File | 60.79 KB | 0644 |
|
| zipfile.html | File | 53.14 KB | 0644 |
|
| zipimport.html | File | 20.42 KB | 0644 |
|
| zlib.html | File | 25.46 KB | 0644 |
|